Internal migration and urbanization: Are patterns changing? (1)

In spite of being the most densely populated countries in the world with urbanization and urban growth rates faster than other populous countries like, China and India, the issue of internal migration of Bangladesh has not been analyzed in detail where the effect of internal migration cannot be over emphasized. With the national level data of the Sample Vital Registration System of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, this study explores the trends, direction and causes of migration. Data of life time internal migrants shows a relatively stable rate of migration during 60’s and 70’s but in 80’s and 90’s has increased. Currently population movement has increased manifolds. Higher in-migration occurred in urban areas than in rural areas and there has always been an increasing trend in internal migration. Marriages, job search, acquiring job are the major causes of rural in-migration whereas job search, marriage, acquiring job and education are the causes of urban in-migration. For the age groups of 15-19, 20-24 and 25-29, female are always higher than male both in case of in and out-migration. This study would enable the policy makers to design appropriate policies for taking care of the problems of unemployment, regional disparity, and unplanned urbanization.

Urbanization is an index of transformation from traditional rural to modern industrial one. In the current time urbanization has been linked with industrialization and economic development. The rate of urbanization in India is growing in a slow pace. However, the state of Jharkhand which is separated from Bihar in the year 2000 is growing faster than Bihar. The current study attempts to describe the changes of the pattern of urbanization in Jharkhand. It uses Census of India data of 2001 and 2011. The preliminary findings of the study suggest that the industrialized districts and the administrative importance districts contribute to the much of urbanization in the state. Urban agglomeration, number of towns and number of cities are increasing rapidly as compared to the previous census.
(Key Words: Urbanization, India, Jharkhand)

The impact of growth of cities in the change of urban environment especially in the study of land use and land cover change has drawn research attention from scholars in the field of urban studies.
This research is focused on a set of three growing cities of India, Gurgaon, Ranchi, and Jaipur for the analyses of land use/land cover changes for the periods of twenty five years. The overall results show that the built up land has increased whereas the other categories of land have decreased. It is believed that this finding would provide insight to the planners and policy makers for the management of growth related problems of the city regions.
Key words: Urban Growth, RS, GIS, Land Use/Land Cover Change, India

It is not clear how economic crises or conflict influence the process of internal migration and urbanization. This paper uses data from the MAFE-Congo dataset to investigate internal migration to Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), by examining the migration histories of 389 lifetime migrants to the city. The analysis considers whether most migration was rural-to-urban and if recent decades of civil conflict and economic crises in the DRC coincided with higher levels of in-migration to Kinshasa. Although the data shows an increase in the number of moves during heightened periods of conflict towards the end of the 1990s, this is not found to be an overall trend when cohort and age patterns of migration are accounted for. Additionally, the overwhelming majority of migrants to Kinshasa were born in other cities, not in rural areas as might be expected given DRC’s high rates of rural-to-urban migration, and most migrants were born in the provinces adjacent to Kinshasa. This implies that patterns of migration to Kinshasa reflect geographic proximity and urban-to-urban migration patterns more than direct efforts to flee the impacts of conflict, which in turn suggests that the end of the conflict in the DRC may not lead to decreases in migration to Kinshasa.

China has experienced a booming development of urbanization since reform and opening-up. China's urbanization level reached 51% in 2011, thus achieving “urban transition”. However, China's urbanization level is currently overestimated, which is mainly reflected by a high proportion of agricultural population in the urban population. China's urban population contains more than 300 million agricultural population who cannot enjoy the urban social security system and are not real urban residents.

Analyzing characteristics of China's urbanization, this paper reveals the existing problems in China's urbanization and emphasizes the need for China to solve these problems and realize a complete urbanization. In addition, the projection of the proportion urban of China is carried out and the future direction of China’s urbanization is also explored. The paper argues that, to make China’s urbanization advance efficiently, attention must be paid to deepening the reform of the household registration system and a series of related policies, consolidating the contribution of population migration to China's urbanization and allowing rural-urban migrants to be urbanized.

Previous Chinese census data, previous China 1% population sample survey data and other data published by National Bureau of Statistics of China are used in the paper.

Abstract
In this paper we explore the contextual factors, at a provincial level, that determine the internal migration of Latin-Americans in Spain during the period 1998-2010. This group, divided according to major nationalities, is systematically compared with the behavior among the Spaniards and other nationality groupings (countries from Eastern Europe, Africa and Asia). The population data used in this study comes from the Municipal Register (Padrón Continuo) which provides the denominators for rate calculations and the Statistics of Residential Variations. The latter allows us to know the places of residence of the individuals in the period of study; while other sources, like the Labor Force Survey provides information on socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the provinces (contextual factors). The methodology that has been applied is a panel regression analysis which permits to jointly examine both temporal and contextual effects that may influence internal migration differences between the various nationalities of Latin-Americans in relation to the Spanish and other groups of population.

Keywords: Internal migration, Latin-Americans, migration factors, Spain, International migration.

During the last 60 years, the internal migration in Brazil were strongly related to the processes of urbanization and spatial redistribution of the population, marked by the intense population mobility and inserted in different stages of economic, social and political processes experienced by the Country during this period. From 1970, we assisted de launching of the more recent changes in the national migration process. After a long period of economic crisis, more severe in the 1980s and somehow held in 1990, Brazil enters in the ‘2000s with new perspectives on their economic dynamics and for this reason it require a new look at its internal migration. In the field of migration, it is true that a recovery in the economy, employment and poverty reduction should have effects on the volume and intensity of migration flows. The understanding of interregional migration in the last four decades incorporates the processes of in-migration, emigration and return migration marked by its specific historical features of “migratory complementary”. The return migration, although not a new phenomenon in national migratory history, was configured as a key element for understanding the long distance flow, especially those of Southeast to Northeast.

This paper is based on “Research on youth migrants working in the informal sector in Hanoi” that was implemented by the Institute for Population and Social Studies – The National Economics University and with the cooperation, the both technical and financial support from Plan in Vietnam - Hanoi Programme Unit. This study used a combination of two types of information from the studies of already available documents and the primary data (based on quantitative and qualitative survey 2009).
This paper aims to describe, analyze some factors of the quality of life (QoL) of youth migrants working in the informal sector in Hanoi. The QoL in this survey was analyzed on the basic of evaluating the opportunities and limitations in three factors: Being, Belonging, and Becoming . Results of the study showed that majority of surveyed groups said that the material aspects of the factors such as life, integration and development of youth immigrant have improved some when compared with the time before they moved. However, the psychological and social aspects of the quality of life tend to go down. Some recommendations were suggested for original areas and destination areas to improve the QoL of migrants working in the informal sector in Hanoi.
Key words: Youth Migrants, Informal Sector, Quality of Life, Physical Being, Psychological Being,

Youth migration has its immense importance as a development parameter. Young people of age 15-24 years constitute 35% of India’s total population (2001 census) which represents India’s future in the socio-economic and political realms. The EAG (Empowered Action Group) states plays a vital role in youth migration and are undergoing faster economic and social change to reduce the regional disparity. The study has three objectives: To study spatial patterns of youth migration in India focusing on EAG states and to understand the characteristics of youth migration. To establish the linkages between youth migration and development. This study is based on 2001 census data D- series, and age group is 15-24 years and development variables from various reports of Planning Commission, Central Statistical Organization and CMIE reports. Regional disparity in development influences flow of inter-state youth migration streams. The youths mostly migrate from the EAG states to other more developed states.

The main objective of this paper is to analyze how changes in the economic and social conditions influence the likelihood of migrating in Brazil, focusing on the crucial role of a conditional cash-transfer program (Bolsa Família Program), given its many social implications, especially on the decline of income inequality. We can point out other important social changes occurring in Brazil in the last decade: the growth of women's participation in the labor market, which influences the economic decisions of households, the growth of average schooling of the population, which generates social returns, and increasing the number of female-headed households, which has consequences on poverty, etc. It is assumed that all these changes can contribute to changes in individual decisions, including the decision to migrate. The methodology applies a hierarchical logit model that includes individual characteristics on the first level and municipal characteristics on the second, assuming that the probability of moving varies between different locations due to aggregate determinants. Expected results are: i) a decrease in non-return migration, ii) the growth of return migration, and (iii) the results are most significant in municipalities in the Northeast region, which is the poorest and would tend to channel most of the benefits.