Internal migration and urbanization: Are patterns changing? (1)

Two underlining and defining characteristics of Kano, one of Sudanic Africa’s oldest cities, are cosmopolitanism and the segregation of neighbourhoods. Both trends began to coalesce from the early stages of Kano’s foundation. Its segregation – one of the greatest influence in its socio-political organisation – is essentially a consequence of the immigration of its diverse populations, and took two waves: the pre-colonial (7th Century) traditional pattern and the 20th Century colonial model. Importantly too, it was both between social groups (‘indigenes’ and ‘settlers’) and on religious grounds (between Islamic believers and non-believers). In this paper, I critically interrogate the history, dynamics, politics and sociology of migration and segregation in Kano, as well as examine their various implications on human relations in the city. This paper shows how the combination of both phenomena and the interaction of their diverse exigencies have defined the posture of Kano in contemporary times.

Despite being the wealthiest region of Belgium, the Brussels-Capital Region (BCR) is marked by widening social inequalities, resulting in a distinct pattern of socioeconomic segregation. This spatial division is reinforced through both selective migration and the process of class reproduction. It has been illustrated thoroughly that both processes are strongly determined by one’s educational attainment. This study reveals how educational attainment and the subsequent (lack off) opportunities for social upward mobility have an effect on people’s residential mobility and thus on the composition of the neighbourhood population. Analyses are drawn on the exhaustive and anonymous data from the Belgian censuses of 1991 and 2001, individually linked to the National Population Register (situation in 2006) to observe internal migration. First, binary logistic regression illustrates how social mobility is significantly related to the probability of moving: the odds are higher for socially immobile or downward mobile individuals than for the ones who climb up the social ladder. Second, the effect of social mobility on the direction of the observed relocation is elucidated through multinomial logistic regression.

Urban dynamics in developing region did not follow exactly the European model of industrialization-driven urbanization, where ‘pull’ factors were more significant. Relationship between urbanization and industrialization is weak for developing countries and it is dominated by the ‘push’ factors. This has led to ‘urbanization of poverty’. This study attempts to verify the cause of rural urban migration in India. It considers Dharavi as a case study to ascertain the exact cause of migration. It uses primary survey to assess what migrants perceive as the advantages/disadvantages of rural and urban areas and what has triggered the migration. Random sampling is used where the sample size of households will be decided on the basis of 90% confidence level and 10% confidence interval. In order to identify the difference across various groups based on occupation, education, income, place of migration, and social groupings one way ANOVA is used. Follows ethnographic approach, the study also presents case studies of some migrants. The study concludes with finding policies, tools, and approaches essential for smoothening rural-urban migration in India while minimising forced or undesirable migration.

The reciprocal relationship between development and population dynamics affects the migration patterns. The level of regional development is affected by the migration process, and the subsequent migration flows are affected by the growth rates of the localities in a process of circular and cumulative causation. The aim of this paper is to identify the main characteristics of the Brazilian migration patterns’ between the 1980’s and the 2010’s. To achieve this goal, we analyze data from demographic census for the period, provided by IBGE. The migration criterion adopted considers migrant the individual who lives in a region for less than 05 years, regardless of his place of birth. Data analysis shows that migration patterns in Brazil are extremely related with the levels of regional development. Moreover, migration flows are associated with the advantages of urban centers, especially if they are located in medium sized cities. New trends begin to emerge and are related to the economic expansion of new destiny regions, with the decline of job opportunities in the most developed region of the country, and with return migration. Despite the changes observed, the inertial component of Brazilian dominant migration patterns decreases the expansion rate of its migration transition.

Around two and half million people were attending an institute of higher education in the United Kingdom in the 2010/2011 academic year, which equates to around 4.1% of the total population. Surprisingly, given the importance of higher education very little work has been conducted on the migratory patterns of students attending institutes of higher education in the UK. This paper puts forward a typology that can be used to categorise the different migration transitions that a person can undertake in order to attend a higher educational institution. With the use of the student migration typology and the Student Record Dataset of the Higher Educational Statistics Agency, which contains detailed information on every student recorded as attending an institute of higher education in the UK, illustrations of the migratory patterns of those attending higher education in the UK during the 2010/11 academic year with a focus on the local authority (LA) and county level geography are provided. Using the typology of student migration the data indicate that around 37% of students are student migrants, 9% were local students, while 35% stayed in the LA but studied elsewhere suggesting they distance learn or commute. When analysing LAs; Oxford, Cambridge, Nottingham, Leeds and Sheffield all stood out as areas with large student populations.

Existing analyses of net migration flows point to mass migration from the East to the West as the key driver of population decline across East Germany. But available migration statistics suffer from incompatibility over time, largely due to frequent county boundary changes since reunification in 1990. This research aims to gain a better understanding of contemporary internal migration patterns and how they drive population decline and gender imbalances in the East. In drawing on the new German Internal Migration (GIM) database (Sander, 2013), I quantify the impact of East-West migration on Eastern States and their capital cities. The GIM database holds annual migration counts drawn from the population register for 397 regions with temporally consistent boundaries. The results show that in 1995-2004, East-West migration had a stronger impact on population decline in many eastern counties than movements within the East. But this pattern has changed. In 2010, less than half of all net losses from East German counties were to other counties in the East. Gender imbalances toward men in rural Eastern Germany are typically attributed to more young women than men moving from the East to the West. The results suggest, however, that gender imbalances are most pronounced in movements towards the large cities of Berlin, Leipzig and Dresden.

The study endeviours to analyze the health condition of children in the context of rapid urbanization and migration in India. The study also examines the basic amenities available to the migrants in the different class cities. This paper uses all three rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data, which was conducted in the years 1992-93, 1997-98 and 2005-06 respectively. For the analysis we have categorized cities into three classes on the basis of population namely, large city (more than 1 million population), small city (100,000 to 1 million population) and town (less than 100,000 population). The prevalence of diarrhea and ARI is highest in large cities. Urban to urban migration in the large cities have increased from NFHS II to NFHS III. The children in the recent migrant households (1 to 5 years) are more affected by both diarrhea and ARI followed by 6 to 10 years and 11 to 20 years old migrant households. Children from migrant households of rural are more affected by both diarrhea and ARI than otherwise. The multivariate results reconfirm the bivariate findings in most of the cases.

The female migration is one of the best indicators of the socio-economic and cultural development of any countries of the world. The female migration from EAG states to six mega cities of India namely Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad and Bangalore having more than five million populations each. The study uses the census data, the period of time, 2001. It is found that the most importance as a cause of female migration has declined over the time in compared to the census, 1991. On the other hand, it is quite encouraging to find that the proportion of females migrating for work, employment and education is increasing over the period of time. In India, mostly female migration is important factors that contribute to increasing female population of the six mega cities. Female migration is major issue, which has not been discussed and emphasized.Here the female migrants are classified on the basis of female are migrating due to the social factor like marriage but in term of “EAG” states the highly proportion of females migrate to mega cities due to the ‘move with Household’, marriage, and lower proportion due to the working/employment, move after birth, education, business and others.

Following up Easterlin’s arguments about the impact of cohort size on demographic issues, the paper aims to explore the implications of cohort size in the specific context of residential mobility. The research is based on the case of the inner city of Barcelona. There are two elements that make this case study relevant. Firstly, fertility decrease was extraordinary fast in Spain. That produced big size differences among cohorts born within a short period of time. Secondly, the intensity of residential mobility is low and very concentrated in the household formation ages. This characteristic emphasizes the importance of cohort size in terms of competition: after members of large cohorts have moved they no longer cause a strong pressure on the housing market.
The paper looks for differences in patterns of residential behavior between baby-boom and baby-bust cohorts in two main aspects: the timing of the movements and the territorial distribution within the Metropolitan Area of the individuals moving from the central city. According to the literature, large cohorts face greater competition than small cohorts in multiple aspects, among which the housing market. Thus, it is expected that boomers will move later and farther than smaller cohorts.

Inter-state migration has always been prevalent in different studies on Pattern of migration indicates about the level of development (population redistribution and equilibrium) in a state or in a district depending on the level of analysis. More over in India and particularly in West Bengal decentralization of planning process has assumed much importance at present, generating a various economic activities for pulling migrants from different states. The study based on secondary data (Census D-3 series, 2001) only is an indicative of migrants by place of last residence, duration of residence and reason for migration. The objective of this paper to flow of in migration and out migration, age-sex characteristics and determined dominant causes for in migrants and out migrants. Net in-migrating (majorities are rural areas of eastern regions) and recipient of huge influx female migrants from rural areas of West Bengal. Larger proportion of out-migration from West Bengal goes to Western and Northern regions (employment, business and education). To study the details of changing characteristics at origin and destination one need to conduct the primary survey at origin as well as at destination depending upon the nature of research questions we pose.