Internal migration and urbanization: Are patterns changing? (1)

In the two recent decades internal migration in Mexico has developed a new pattern. One of the most important changes experienced is that whereas in the past most migrants had a rural origin, nowadays they tend to come from an urban area. In addition, the places of destination have diversified. Despite these transformations, migrants are still an auto-selected group that differ from non-migrants in their socioeconomic and sociocultural characteristics. Several works have documented this selectivity. Nevertheless, all of them treat migrants as if they were a homogeneous group and as if they were going to the same place. In this paper we explore the different patterns of migrants’ selectivity according to their place of destination. Our results show that migrants, as a group, are more likely to be female, young and more educated than natives, but that there are three different patterns of migrants selectivity. Most importantly, migrants’ selectivity is linked to the labor opportunities and requirements in the places of destination.

Besides the knowledge that Colombia was one of Latin America's countries which fastest concentrated its population in urban areas (Kalmanovitz & Lopez, 2006), it was - until 2005 - one of the countries with most cases of forced displacement in the world (CODHES, 2004), and finally, a country which by 2005 had driven out from its territory almost 3 million people (DANE, 2005), what would it be new to state about the dynamics of population mobility in the area? Which regularities could be identified? What could be told from the census data? To what extent theoretical assumptions on migration and development express migratory dynamics in the Colombian case?

This study aims to add to the discussion about different hypotheses on migration levels and tendencies already proposed in the literature, as well as to the discussion about the nature of population exchanges in space (Zelinsky, 1971; Ravenstein, 1980; Singer, 1980, et al). The scope of this study is also to show that the dynamics of internal migration in a developing country, such as Colombia, although adopting major urbanization tendencies that can be identified in other Latin American countries, has particularities which define a distinctive pattern of migration in its territory.

By using a longitudinal study of 300 households in Sichuan and Anhui, this paper aims to combine the discussions of initiation of migration, returned migrants, and circular migration together. By building multi-level regression models, I use event history analysis to show how children and parents impact migrants’ migration decisions overtime. When other factors are controlled, children’s age and parents’ health impact men and women’s migration status in different ways: when the increase of children’s ages generally increases the probability of starting migration for men, the change of the children’s ages only impacts women’s out-migration when all children reach the age of six – the age when children start primary school. Women tend to return to the villages when the children are 16 years old and still in school – the time when the children are preparing for senior high school entrance exam. When children of the household start going to college, both men and women’s migration probability significantly increases. When the parents report bad health issues, the women are very likely to return to villages, while men’s migration status usually do not change. The results show how migration works as a household strategy in China, and gender still decides the division of labor within a household.

The aim of this paper is to describe the process of socio-spatial segregation in the 2000s and the most important changes comparing to the past decade, using as a case study the metropolitan area of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. In the context of decline of demographic growth, migration and the new forms of occupation of the space, as seen in the Brazilian big cities, this metropolitan area looks like to have modified its characteristics in this period of time. The municipalities with more growth in 2000s were those with better conditions. In this way, we propose not only to present these changes, but also analyze the role of migration and the characteristics of the people who redistribute themselves inside the metropolitan space. In order to do that, we will use mainly the Brazilian demographic census of 2010, comparing the results with the analysis of the census of 2000. We also hope to determinate if the space, in terms of place of residence, has a strong impact over the insertion of people in the labor market.

Population in the age group 15-24 known as youth constitute an important component of total population of a country. India is a very old country with a very young population with about one third of its total population coming under the age group 15-24.The dynamics of mobility of the youth in the developing countries in general and India in particular is an area less explored and understood. Therefore, the major objectives of the present paper are to understand the inter-state spatial mobility pattern of the youth in India, to analyse the various characteristics of youth migrants along with reasons of migration and lastly to establish the possible linkage between youth migration and economic development in India. The study is entirely based on the information provided by the census on migration as well as various other secondary sources. The regional disparity in development leads to the inter-state flow of migration streams. Youths from economically backward states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar migrate to more prosperous states like Maharashtra and Delhi. For the male, employment and education are found to be the two most important reasons of youth migration in India while marriage is still the most important reason of female migration.

The primary purpose of this presentation is to understand the relationship between population growth and population distribution in a historical context. It will use historical census data from Canada and the United States to document the extent to which urbanization drove regional economic and population growth. This builds on the work of urban economist Edward Glaeser, who argues that urbanization was essential to distinguishing between demographic and economic winners and losers in North America in recent history. Using historical economic data from the Federal Reserve and the Bank of Canada and census data from through the CCRI initiative (Canada) and IPUMS USA, this presentation will identify the extent to which economic growth drove population growth (versus the opposite, or a situation of reciprocal causality).

Since the opening up and reforms of the Chinese economy in the 1970s, migrant labor from China's countryside has found employment in cities. The process has a strong impact on China’s economy and urbanization. According to official statistics, the number of migrant workers in China is 150 million, which is 11.5% of the total population . However, with the implementation of a series of national policies and the impact of the global financial crisis from 2008, many migrant workers lost their jobs in the cities and returned to their home villages. This poses great challenges as well as opportunities for the development of rural China. The research presented in this paper explores the employment status of the return migrants and the major determinants for their occupational choice. It is based on a field survey in Hunan Province, done in 2011. Comparing of the returnees’ employment status between two rural regions, we found that the rural industrialization, featuring in collective land use and industrial incentives, plays a significant role in creating employment for return migrants. Hence, rural industrialization is an important strategic choice of urbanization in China, by adjusting the rural economy and transfer of surplus workforce.

The main objective of the study is to examine migration in Rustenburg, South Africa in the post independence era. Census data on usual and previous place of residence are used to estimate migration. 2 test is used to analyze differences in migration. Migration is an intrinsic part of development which may generate benefits or problems for host and sending areas. Results show that migration is increasingly taking place in Rustenburg, the largest platinum producer in the world. People migrate to Rustenburg mainly because of mining industries. The 2 test results showed that significant differences in migration by age-sex, population group and education. Persons between the ages of 15-44 dominate the migration stream. In conclusion the majority of the migrants into Rustenburg are from within the province. Circulation of workers between their tribal areas and commercial/ industrial enterprises is a familiar phenomenon all over the world where modernization and development has come into contact with tribal people. The study recommends that better services and job opportunities should be created so that distribution of people should be balanced.

Ethnic residential patterns gained prominence on the British government’s agenda due to race riots in 2001 and terrorist attacks in 2005. The involvement of British born Muslims in both events caused increasing concern over the residential segregation of these and other non-white groups in British cities. Several studies have explored the residential dispersal of ethnic groups however given Muslims have become the centre of concern on self-selected residential segregation, no studies have utilised data on religious affiliation to explore their internal migration patterns. Using interaction data this paper analyses intra-neighbourhood (ward) migration of Muslims, and the two largest Non-European decent religious groups, Hindus and Sikhs in Birmingham, one of England’s largest cities. Analysis of the data shows Muslims demonstrate a greater propensity to move away from high concentration Muslim neighbourhoods, providing evidence against self-selected residential segregation. Using deprivation indices the analysis shows that all three groups move away from deprivation. Hindus and Sikhs showed existing clusters in affluent areas, whereas for Muslims this was less so . Therefore deprivation can be argued to hinder the greater dispersal of Muslim populations in urban Britain rather than self-selected segregation.

The industrial development in Indonesia tends to concentrate only in big cities, one of them is Jakarta. Beside becomes the central government, Jakarta is also developed as the center of the economy. The condition background that completely lagging rural or underdeveloped resulting in migration of population from rural to urban (urbanization). People have various reasons to do the urbanization. Interestingly, during the process of migration from the countryside to the city, it is lead to the emergence of the urbanization patterns. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the patterns of urbanization. Information that is presented in this paper is mainly based on field research conducted in Jakarta in 2008, and supported by a desk review on secondary data, related documents and previous similar studies. The study shows that urbanization is defined as parties (intermediaries) that provide motivation or solicitation to migrate to the city. Patterns of urbanization created or born in the process of urbanization such as patterns based on the solicitation family/relatives, call a friend, take "big boss", or based on the intention of coming himself. Based on the findings known that urbanization is dominated by a pattern resulting from the family (parents, husband, etc.), friends, and a great boss.