Population policies and human rights

This paper seeks to identify the empirical evidence of the African refugee population in São Paulo in dialogue with theoretical elements for understanding this migratory flow. In the text are highlighted context of immigration of refugees - the international frameworks and Brazil as a country of refuge - and three theoretical aspects related to search results about the African refugees in São Paulo: the living spaces of this refugee immigration, the effort to maintain the identity of these immigrants and the consequences of estrangement of the host society and its effects on immigrant labor insertion of the refugees in Sao Paulo.

The need to integrate TB and HIV control programmes has become critical due to their interface at the clinical level and the need for optimal use of resources. In developing countries such as Ghana where public health interventions depend on donor funds, such calls have become more urgent than ever. But, its implementation depends on attitudes of implementers. This paper explores the views of stakeholders on tuberculosis and HIV integration in Ghana. Using a qualitative data collection approach, respondents were purposively selected from four regions with the highest reported tuberculosis cases. Two general views emerged: support for and opposition to integration. Supporters argued on shared clinical and social constructions and reducing financial and functional duplications. Those opposed cited increased workload, clinical complications, leadership crisis, and “smaller the better” arguments. Although a policy for TB/HIV integration exists, lack of clarity of direction and unwillingness of some programme managers to collaborate have resulted in disjointed health care for co-infected patients. Underlying the debate is an unspoken unwillingness of implementers to cede some or all-institutional “autonomy” for active, broad-based planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of programmatic goals.

Considerable evidence has shown that women’s reproductive rights are frequently violated in public-hospital settings in Mexico. In some cases, physicians have been extremely authoritarian and repressive. Their actions can only be interpreted within the framework of gender and power inequity that characterizes these encounters. Why do physicians treat patients in these ways? This area of research must keep in mind the imbalance of power within the physician-patient relationship, in which one actor is invested with power/knowledge and the other is “only a patient.” The imbalance is even greater during gynecological or obstetrical procedures because of a woman’s physical and emotional vulnerability during pregnancy and labor. We present results of a research focused on three dimensions that, we surmise, disclose in particularly clear ways the social origins of medical authoritarianism and doctors inclination to violate women’s rights: the formation of medical doctors at school, their daily practice at the hospital, and the way they defend themselves in court when they face formal accusations by former patients. This is a qualitative research and its design is guided by a grounded theory approach. The aim of this this paper is to present the main findings of this research conducted over the last 12 years.

Human being has been learning about conflict since its origin as a species. That knowledge, then, is not a neat, concentrated package ready to be passed along or handed down. It is spread across humanity. It resides wherever humans live, work and play. It is what we would call "folk knowledge," used continuously in everyday life, in every society--in commerce, family relations, government, sport, child-rearing. The ways of "doing" conflict in and between societies around the world are legion. It is passed down from parent to child, from generation to generation. It is transmitted from one life experience to the next. It is created within generations, as humans learn better how to regulate their interaction with minimal cost. The conflicts of value among different civilizations seem so uncompromising that some scholars hold that conflict of the world should be the conflict between different civilizations in the future world. In fact, different value systems of different cultural patterns are melting and identifying with each other constantly while they are conflicting and contradicting with each other. This paper deals with development of human conflict from 19 century onwards. It makes a discussion on group conflict, Political conflict and impact of Globalization on Human conflict.

Population and Human Rights: A Study on Dhankut –An Endogamous Group of Bahraich of U.P., India
Dr Alok Chantia, Assistant Professor (Anthropology), KKC, Lucknow University, Lucknow , India
alokchantia@gmail.com , alokchantia@airo.org.in
Dr. Preeti Misra, Associate Professor (Human Rights), BBA University, Lucknow , India
Population is always considered as in ratio of natural resources and state takes it under the frame of right to life, right to food , right to shelter, right to health , right to equality etc. and also in the bracket of sustainability and this thought got more pace after the 1948 when Universal declaration Human rights (UDHR) came in light by an effort of UNO but no one can deny the role of culture which its initial stage of inception was nothing but a good device and tool of protection of human being . It is a bare fact that all religion under different culture have never used the word Human rights in their documents, so Human rights makes and presents a new horizon in the era of globalization in the frame of dignity, equality, liberty , development but Human right is not meant of role of state and fulfilment of basic requirement of life but also it gives the meaning of mechanical solidarity and feeling of identity too . it shows that population growth is inversely proportional to human rights

The study examined factors that drive/inhibit reforms in sexual and reproductive health (SRH) policymaking in Kenya in order to generate learning for future reform efforts. Three policymaking processes (Adolescent RH policy 2003; Sexual Offences Act 2006; National RH Policy 2007) were deconstructed. Data collection involved in-depth interviews with state/non-state policy actors, meeting notes and document review. Study revealed that four powerful framings of SRH – moral, cultural, medical and human rights - underpinned by interests of different actors mediate the interaction of actors, knowledge, and context, to determine possible SRH reforms. The moral and cultural framings, which are supported by contextually powerful institutions (government, parliament and religious) dominate SRH policymaking in Kenya. Although the medical framing has partially unsettled the moral/cultural frames to facilitate some reforms, it remains highly moralised, effectively marginalising sensitive issues. The rights framing is marginalised because it threatens the power of dominant actors (male politicians and religious leaders). For Kenya to realise comprehensive SRH policy reforms, efforts must focus on challenging underlying interests of control that underpin powerful framings and reframing rights in the less threatening medical/health arguments.

In India, the acceptance of family planning is voluntary and couples have the freedom and choice to accept any method they want. However, the recent conditional cash transfer (CCT) schemes for promoting the survival and welfare of girl children in the wake of alarmingly skewed child sex ratio have used inadvertently to increase sterilization coverage. The acceptance of terminal method of family planning by parents is one of the eligibility criteria to enroll the girl child in ‘popular’ schemes such as Bhagyalakshmi (Karnataka), Ladli Lakshmi (Madhya Pradesh), Girl Child Protection Scheme (Andhra Pradesh), Indira Gandhi Balika Suraksha Yojana (Himachal Pradesh),and Balri Rakshak Yojana (Punjab). It also raises a larger question - why is family planning linked with girl child promotion schemes? A study sponsored by UNFPA found that many poor parents are induced to accept family planning to join the schemes which provide financial benefits. This led to female sterilization because that was considered more socially acceptable. Many believe sex selective abortions as a danger of aggressively pursuing female sterilization and small family norm in the context of son preference. Interestingly, the measures designed to reverse sex selection also encourages sterilization, which may go against the human rights of women.

This study assesses the dynamics of met and unmet need for contraception and, its program as well as policy implications in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal; from rights perspective. Data of currently married women aged 15-49 years from the latest round of Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) of each country was used; sample sizes were 93089 for India, 10192 for Bangladesh, 9556 for Pakistan, and 9608 for Nepal. IBM-SPSS software (Version 19.0) was used for bivariate and multi-variate analyses with a significance level of 5%.

Analyses indicate considerable intra-country differences in contraceptive use, demand, met as well as unmet need, and the determinants. High unmet need often influenced by various policy and program issues, questions the quality of care. Across countries, higher health care autonomy was linearly associated with unmet need for spacing but had an inverse association with unmet need for limiting. Expanding the outreach of family planning promotion campaigns, programs enhancing health care decision making of women, and quality service delivery; all with country specific modifications are pertinent. Informed choice and access to quality services are reproductive rights of every woman, and if addressed, would facilitate better sexual and reproductive health of women in South Asia.

In Mexico, given the high mortality ratio, maternal deaths are notified and analyzed carefully every year by the Ministry of Health (MoH) who has developed tools aiming to provide recommendations for the health systems.
We analyzed the national 2010 abortion related mortality files. We used the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) that includes all pregnancies with abortive outcome under codes O00- O06. Overall, abortion related mortality accounted for 7.2% of Maternal Mortality (MM) during 1990-2008. During 2010, 9.27% of maternal deaths were due to abortion. Almost 75% of these deaths were in women 15-34 years old, younger than other causes; 26% were single compared with 15% for other causes. 90% of women received health care before the death.
Quality of the information of abortion cases was poorer than other MM causes; regularly a MM case includes 11 elements for the comprehensive analysis into their file. In the case of abortion deaths, only 66% of the files had verbal autopsies, and only 23% necropsy reports.
Despite the interest in MM, first trimester deaths are not being adequately addressed in the current framework. Abortion related deaths enquiries demand a renovated effort from the health information systems, to provide more adequate data and help guide recommendations.

Almost 668,000 of 918,000 of prisoners in Africa are in Sub-Saharan Africa where Southern Africa itself makes up 10% of the total number of prisoners in Africa. Therefore the study main objectives are in line with the need to assess the treatments and condition of prisoners and detainees in Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) countries. In particular, the study evaluates and assesses the potentials of the relevant legal, policy, procedural and practice for the right to health and the treatment of detainees in the SADC Region. The other objectives of the study are to identify and discuss challenges faced by prisoners and detainees in the SADC Region; and advocate for opportunities for health awareness for both staffs and prisoners in the SADC Region. The study is a desk based. In conducting this research primary and secondary data will be used. The SADC Lawyers’ Association report on prisons visit in some SADC countries will inform our recommendations. The study finds that lack of health services in some countries or their inappropriateness in other countries significantly contribute to the vulnerability of prisoners. It is suggested that Governments should allocate sufficient fund for the management of prison and that regular inspections or monitoring systems should be put in place