Immigrant integration and settlement

Many people work and have a substantive production about the international migration in Brazil, but just a few of them have studies in the Amazon region, a place that is more and more important over time. The Amazon attracts migrants especially from the neighbor countries, but also recently from longer distances, like United States, Portugal and Japan. The aim of this paper is to describe the main flows to the Amazon, in terms of characteristics of the individuals from Peru, Bolivia and Colombia, as well as municipalities of destination and the place of residence inside the municipality, in terms of census tracts, in a proxy of spatial segregation. The place of origin will also be considered, with the migrants that came directly from their countries or had more migratory experience inside Brazil before arrive at the municipality (internal migration), and the time of residence. The idea is to analyze better the recent migration, especially those who arrived in the 2005-2010 period, comparing with the non-migrants in order to estimate also the impact of migration in the destination areas.

Data from the 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996, 2001, and 2006 censuses of Canada offer evidence on the migration experience of earlier immigrant cohorts in the five years prior to the census. These censuses provide direct data on interprovincial flows of immigration cohorts during the 1976 to 2006 period. They also provide indirect evidence for the internal redistribution of those immigrants who arrived in Canada between during the five years prior to each census. Regarding the question of whether immigrants tend to concentrate or disperse during their initial year of residence in Canada, these data provide no systematic evidence of dispersion of immigrants throughout the Canadian provinces. Immigrants move more than the Canada-born population during their first 20 years in Canada and, at the provincial level, they tend to stay in provinces in which there are a higher proportion of their immigrant co-ethnics. Analysis of the migratory behaviour of recent immigrant cohorts provides evidence that there are distinct patterns of higher and lower migration for some ethnic origin groups. Moreover, groups vary in their response to the proportion of foreign-born of the same ethnicity.

Immigration from Asia to North America has steadily grown since the 1960s, and today scholars study the labor market integration not only of immigrants but also of their children. Using parental birthplace and visible minority data from the 2006 Canadian census, the occupational statuses and earnings of nine Asian origin 1.5 and 2nd generation groups are compared to each other and to the third-plus generation whites: South Korea, Chinese from Hong Kong; Chinese from the People’s Republic of China; Japan; Philippines; Vietnamese; Sri Lanka; India and Pakistan. With the exception of the Filipino and Vietnamese 1.5 and 2nd generation, analysis of the population age 25-39 who living in cities of 100,000 or more confirm the higher educational achievements, occupational standing and earnings of many of these groups. Much of these labor market achievements reflect the educational characteristics of the Asian origin 1.5 and 2nd generation; however some groups – notably South Koreans and Chinese from HK and PR still perform marginally better in the labour force even after taking education into account. Overall our analysis shows the labor market success of these Asian Tigers while confirming the importance of education for their achievements.

The objective of this study was to analyze occupational mobility among Spanish immigrants according to two distinct trajectories: a) the first job obtained in Spain respect to the immigrant’s profession in the country of origin; b) current occupational status compared to the occupational status of the first job held in Spain. In this study we analyzed the situations of the labor market of men (with a strong presence of the construction industry) and women (jobs predominately available for domestic help). We focused our analysis on immigrants who arrived in Spain during the “immigration boom” (1997-2007). The source of the data we used was the National Survey on Immigration 2007. For our analysis we used occupational mobility charts and multi-variable models.
Results point to significant differences in occupational mobility between men and women. The construction industry plays a predominant role for men, acting as a magnet attracting occupational mobility both upward and downward. We observed a higher probability for downward occupational mobility for women, although a significant number of women who were housewives in their country of origin joined the labor market after immigrating. The main factors influencing occupational mobility once living in Spain were found to be length of residence, region of origin, networking, etc.

Abstract
The paper uses the Master File of the 2006 Census to investigate the earnings of the largest visible minority group, South Asians, in Canada. Unlike the previous research which invokes a homogenous South Asian identity, the focus is on the various South Asian ethnic groups. The findings show that Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan and Bangladeshi men and women do not share the same labour market experiences. Overall, after the control of socio-demographic, human capital and work related consideration, each of the South Asian ethnic groups has substantially reduced earnings penalty associated with their ethnic status in comparison to White counterparts, though the earnings gap remains significant.
In terms of gender, separate analysis reveals that relative to whites, South Asians women have shown better labour market outcomes than in the case of South Asian men. The differential impact of various factors on the earnings, however, signals that some women are confronted with a relatively more conservative environment which may impede their economic mobility. Nevertheless, a greater influence of human capital on the earnings of both men and women highlights the need in policy shift to better accommodate human capital of immigrants.
Ker word: Integration, South Asians, Ethnic status, Human capital

The expansion of multiple citizenship (MC) is introducing complex spatialities of national state membership and challenging traditional conceptions of citizenship. Scholarly attention has mainly focused on the naturalisation route to MC, and its implications for political transnationalism and social integration. However, access to MC through ancestry/ethnicity, as well as MC implications for mobility, have been largely overlooked. Based on a review of key datasets and qualitative semi-structured interviews this paper seeks to gain the 'view from below' of how multiple citizens themselves construct life strategies within what Bauböck (2010) terms a 'citizenship constellation', a joint opportunity structure created by intervening States. We focus on the Latin American community in London, a growing collective showing flexible citizenship and migration trajectories beyond the traditional origin-destination-settlement-naturalisation route to integration and MC. We found that because of European Union (EU) unequal hierarchies of access to citizenship, most migrants seek an alternative passport not necessarily to expand their political or social rights but in order to gain much stronger mobility and security status. An EU passport becomes a life asset that leads to personal freedom as well as social mobility.

In order to understand the changing fertility of migrant generations, and its impact on destination countries, previous research has attempted to test migrant fertility convergence. However, the existing literature suffers from numerous conceptual and methodological problems. This paper demonstrates these weaknesses, proposes a new conceptual framework, and then assesses the convergence of migrant generations towards native fertility levels. Completed fertility is estimated for different generations of the UK population using count regression and survey estimation techniques. Unlike previous research, this allows hypotheses to be isolated, and avoids results being confounded due to birth timing differentials.

The results show a narrowing of fertility differentials between migrant and natives for more recent birth cohorts, suggesting fertility adaptation for the first and second generation. However, there is considerable variation by country of origin. Comparisons between generations, for men and women, show evidence of adaptation for Old Commonwealth migrants (and Jamaican women), and cultural entrenchment for Indian and Pakistani migrants. To conclude, the paper discusses the value of this method for informing population projections, and shows the likely influence of these fertility convergence patterns on UK fertility.

The agricultural poverty alleviation and Development project in Ledu county, Qinghai province is not only the World Bank's Poverty Alleviation Project, but also one of the projects caused intense worldwide controversy. Mainly due to the local ethnic minority , especially the Tibetan population migration. From August 2012 to October 2012, a survey of local ethnic minority immigrants has finished . There are two objectives of this research, one is to analyze complicated relations between climate change and migration in the local area, and another one is explore the adaptive problems of ethnic minority after migrated. This study will through constructing innovative systematic assessment models based on two case study areas in Qinghai province. The research selects Ledu County as the migrant sending area, which is located in Haidong area, while the selected migration receiving area is Dulan County in Haixi area. The study area focuses on rural western China because this region has been identified as a hotspot where climate change will have its greatest effect on migration, and this study area has also been experiencing extreme poverty and ethnicity issues. The research combines existing methods with scenarios that determines the relationship between migration and environmental factors as a whole and climate change in particular.

The growing presence of children with immigrant backgrounds in the Italian school system has spurred social scientists to investigate the impact of these children on natives’ performances.
This paper investigates the effects of the increasing number of migrants in schools on the individual educational expectations and aspirations of Italian students attending 8th grade.
Multilevel analyses are performed using data from ITAGEN survey (2005-2006 school years) and from official information of the Italian ministry of education.
Results demonstrate that attending a school with a high share of foreigners has no impact on realistic expectations about secondary education of Italian students, nevertheless it leads to a reduction of their own long term university aspirations.
Moreover, students attending schools where there is higher level of integration (measured as percentage of Italian students with immigrant friends) are more prone to have high short term educational expectations.

With a significant proportion of Canada's population being foreign-born, it is important to study how immigrants are performing in the labour market compared to their Canadian-born counterparts. Current research finds that recently arrived immigrants are facing greater challenges when economically integrating in the labour market than ever before. Using the 2006 Census of Canada Public Use Microdata Files, this research highlights the salient differences in earning disparities between immigrants and the Canadian-born on national, provincial and census metropolitan area (CMA) levels by immigrant cohorts and Canadian-born generations. This study seeks to provide insight to policy-makers about the current economic situation of immigrants in different labour markets across Canada.

Extending current research, paper shows that recent immigrants have a larger earnings differential than established immigrants in comparison to the Canadian-born. More specifically, these earnings differentials are largest when compared to second generation Canadians. The examination of earning disparities at the three geographic scales of nation, province, and CMA has also shown that the greater attention to geographic scale is pertinent to the discussion of how well immigrants are faring economically across different labour markets.