Immigrant integration and settlement

La famille d’origine burkinabè au Ghana a connu de profondes mutations ces dernières décennies sous l’effet des crises politiques et économiques et des nouvelles politiques de population. Outre les évolutions vers des modèles familiaux plus restreints, l’affaiblissement des liens familiaux et des pratiques de solidarité, la famille d’origine burkinabè se caractérise aujourd’hui par une matriarcalisation traversée par des conflits et tensions identitaires entre pères et enfants. La détérioration continue du statut économique et social du père sous l’effet des crises et le renforcement de celui de la mère d’origine ghanéenne dans bien des cas a abouti à la construction de l’image de la mère «Big mother», «battante et dévouée» à qui les enfants s’attachent et s’identifient au détriment du père devenu «incapable» et attaché à la préséance que lui confère son système patrilinéaire de référence dans le rapport des enfants à leurs parents. Se sentant délaissés dans un contexte de forte mutation et de faible couverture sociale formelle par une progéniture qui a mieux réussi son ascension sociale, les vieux migrants, retraités et usés, se reconvertissent dans le commerce ou l’agriculture urbaine ou reprennent des emplois de veilleurs ou de manœuvres tout en s’inventant des nouveaux espaces de solidarité.

It has become more common to find immigrant entrepreneurs not only in immigrant gateway metropolitan areas with large populations, but also in smaller and medium-sized metropolitan areas. As these locational patterns of immigrant businesses emerge, it is more pressing to understand how immigrant entrepreneurship is related to metropolitan characteristics. It is an important issue, as Schumpeter identified long ago that entrepreneurship is deeply embedded in social and economic contexts. In this paper, we extend the study of immigrant entrepreneurship by examining its relationship to individual and city characteristics simultaneously. We focus on city characteristics in order to explain variations among metropolitan areas. Our study is based on 2006 Canadian Public Use Microdata File. We employ a mixed model, as individuals in our sample are nested in various cities. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of including metropolitan characteristics in understanding immigrant entrepreneurship. Implications of findings will be discussed.

A core prerequisite for development of the modern globalizing society is to find common points – system cohesion of various species. The authors believe forms of such unity to be closed multi-level structures called stratas. Stratas may be expressed both in evident and latent ways and they create intermittent forms in the course of acquiring self-reproducing energy – “life spreading” on Earth. This study demonstrates the possibilities provided by epistemological approach in order to identify an image and to express it in terms of statistics. The study is based on demographic variables being the variables directly associated with the process of population reproduction. The authors applied an associative approach to Macro Forecasting in this article. Subject of the research – “integration of globalizing processes as a method for visualization of demographic and physical variables and phenomena. The conceptual structure of the subject of the research is represented by DAG model range of Ms. Olga formed according to the borderline principle – “two summarizing characteristics”.

Sweden is a universalistic welfare state with a system of social policies directed towards working parents and a strong emphasis on gender equality without any distinction by citizenship. However dramatic differences persist in the use of parental leave between immigrants and Swedish-born, even when the main socio-demographic characteristics are taken into account. In this study, we hypothesize that there are persisting differences in the uptake of parental leave between native and foreign-born women. We also hypothesize that a large part of these differences is connected to labor market situation. The results will be of importance not least as they will give insights to how different dimensions of integration may be related to each other. To address our research question we use data from the population registers which cover the entire population living in Sweden including new-born children and newly arrived immigrants.

While recent research has underlined the importance of immigration and integration policies in understanding the immigrant pathways of socio-economic inclusion, little empirical analysis exists on the labour market experiences of migrants admitted through different immigration channels (e.g. labour, family, asylum, study). This paper addresses this knowledge gap. It begins with a conceptual discussion on how migration policies influence the size, personal and professional attributes, and access to the labour market of the different immigrant categories. My empirical analysis builds on the 2008 Ad-Hoc module on migrant workers of the EU Labour Force Survey which offers the unprecedented opportunity to break down the migrant workforce by immigration categories approximating status on arrival. Regression analyses are used to ‘isolate’ the impact of the immigration route as a determinant of economic inclusion. Results show that immigration status on arrival affects the labour market outcomes in terms of both economic activity and access to an employment commensurate to the migrant skills, with family migrants and refugees retaining a disadvantage in almost all EU destinations. I conclude by reflecting on the implications of different national admission systems for the migrant labour market integration.

Mixed marriages have long been considered important indicators of the social integration of immigrants, as well as potential factors of social and cultural change. Nowadays, much of the interest towards this topic is in the potential adoption for policy purposes of mixed marriages as indicator of social integration of migrants, a dimension still missing in existing sets of indicators which mostly cover the economic dimensions (cf. Huddleston et al. 2011, Eurostat 2011). However, there is not a single measure to analyse mixed marriages. Lanzieri (2011) has reviewed several of them, making a first assessment of their capacity to properly follow the dynamics of mixed marriages. In that preliminary analysis, it is found that some measures do not have the expected behaviour. By using simulated data, this study intends to extend and deepen that investigation, looking at the behaviour of the measures of mixed marriages when their dynamic over time is analysed. The purpose is thus to assess whether those measures provide a reliable indication of the extent and speed of change, looking from the perspective of a user (such as a policy-maker) who needs to monitor the process of migrants' integration.

Using recent survey data of children of Turkish immigrants and native comparison group members, this paper examines effects of contextual and psychosocial factors on acculturation preferences. Berry's acculturation model is used to classify the Turkish second generation into acculturation style categories (assimilation, integration, separation, marginalization) whereas the Health Belief Model (HBM) is used to identify relevant contextual and psychosocial factors of acculturation preference style. Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) is used to examine effects of HBM inspired factors on preference style, and to profile respondents with a particular style according to common background characteristics. The latter is particularly useful for tailoring integration policies to specific target groups. Results indicate that policy and local context (cues to action) are important to the explanation of acculturation preference whereas indicators of perceived threat to social exclusion, benefits of and barriers to social inclusion, and self-efficacy also contribute to the explanation of acculturation preferences of the Turkish second generation.

This paper addresses two gaps in the migration literature: (1) the need for longitudinal microdata to study the impact of migration and (2) the absence of studies that analyze whether immigrants in “new destinations” in the U.S. are doing better or worse socioeconomically in those places. The 1996 and 2001 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation are used here to track the before- and after-migration incomes of natives and immigrants in the U.S. using descriptive and multivariate regression techniques, taking selection and endogeneity into account. The goal is to assess whether immigrants who migrated between “traditional” and “new” metropolitan areas during the late 1990s and early 2000s are better or worse off economically compared to (1) before they migrated, (2) non-migrant immigrants in traditional metropolitan areas, and (3) native migrants. Destination types are categorized by traditional versus new destination state and also by size of metropolitan area. This research is necessary for understanding how immigrants in different parts of the U.S. are incorporating socioeconomically.

The last three decades have seen a consistent rise in the relative percentage of non-nationals residing in the six Gulf Cooperation Council countries, including Kuwait. This increase has resulted from two main factors, the continued demand for skilled as well as unskilled workers, and an exacerbation of the stock of workers and their families residing in the Gulf for lengthening periods of time. Migration policies do not allow non-nationals to become Kuwaiti citizens, except in very rare circumstances. Yet, a sizeable percentage among non-nationals, 18 %, consist of 2nd generation residents, born and raised in the country.

A survey of the achievements, aspirations and plans of 2nd generation non-nationals was conducted by the author in May-December, 2012, focusing on high school students in 11th and 12th grades, and on working men and women. 1000 students and 250 working persons born in Kuwait and who lived at least half their life in the country were included.

This paper analyses the contradictions between government policies to reduce the percentage of non-nationals in the population and labor force and the aspirations and plans of the 2nd generation non-nationals to live and work in the country for the next several years.

Whether and to what extent and how does migration change gender roles? Focusing on such research questions, this paper examines gender dynamics upon migration. It focuses on female labour force participation (FLFP) which is recognized as an indicator of substantial changes in gender roles, a fundamental fact of gender relations in this century, and an indicator of settlement upon migration. This paper is based on a research conducted in multiethnic and multicultural context of Australia. While the paper considers varying ethnicities from throughout the world, it particularly focuses on one group to approach the research objectives properly. This particular focus group are female migrants from Middle East and North Africa region: while their region of origin where they were socialized is often globally well-known as a place dominated by traditional gender roles including an exceptionally low rate of FLFP, their residing country is identified by totally different gender outcomes including a substantially high rate of FLFP. This contrast provides a good example to explain the existence and extent of association between migration and gender dynamics. The multivariate results of this analysis highlight the main patterns and determinants associated with migrant women’s varying strategies to pursue their gender roles upon migration.