Population and development

Population aging is an inevitable global demographic process. Most of the literature on the consequences of demographic change focuses on the challenges that economies and societies will face as people live longer and have fewer children. In this paper, we (a) describe key trends and projections of the magnitude and speed of population aging, (b) review the literature on the economic, social and environmental consequences of population aging, and (c) investigate the opportunities that aging societies create. We argue that there are relevant positive unintended consequences of population aging that can be leveraged to address pressing environmental problems, and issues of gender inequality and intergenerational ties.

Will population decline and aging lead to less pollution, and environmental damage? Will expenditures for the young and old balance if huge private downward transfers (bequests) are taken into account? Will the younger generations increase the time spent caring for the elderly and receive higher transfers from the older generations? Will the increasing share of individuals proceeding to tertiary education boost economic growth? We address these questions using a wide range of data including National Transfer Accounts, projections of CO2 emissions, labor force by educational attainment, and time transfers.

It is widely accepted assumption that migrants in developing countries who are not absorbed by the modern sector may enter informal sector as a transitional phase. The purpose of this study is to assess whether this assumption is valid for Indonesian case using the Indonesia Family Life Survey 2007 data. By taking advantage of the longitudinal data of employment and migration histories of 15 years and old individuals, multinomial regression with correlated random intercept is employed to study whether migrants are more likely to work informal sector than non migrants and to what extent can working in informal sector be linked with migration motives. The results show that migrants in Indonesia are more likely to work in formal sector than non migrants. In connection with migration motives, migrants with work-related motives are less likely to work in informal sector than migrants with motives related to family-related reasons. Among migrants with work-related motives, those who move due to being unemployed and who lack of employment opportunity in origin locations have higher likelihood to work in informal sector than formal sector compared with those who moved for other job-related reasons such as job transfers and closer to job.

Our paper will try to examine the various forms of power that are remarkable within the water network and how these, in turn are at the bases of uneven social power relations including mechanisms of access to water and exclusion from access to water. We observed that all social groups with sufficient social, political, economic or cultural power will never die of thirst. Cost recovery objectives are the most prevalent rate setting considerations and they are generally weighted the most essential. Other objectives are also important. Affordability for low and fixed income customers if not taken into consideration, can produce simultaneously regimes of access to the rich and exclusion of the poor. Evidence from three communities (Kumbo, Bali and Bafou) in the Western Highlands of Cameroon illustrates this general issue.

Building on the capability approach, this paper discusses the multidimensionality of deprivation in urban Brazil between 2003 and 2008. Based on a temptative four dimensions index (e.g., living conditions, health standards, education levels and labor market participation) relating thirteen indicators, we find that the majority of individuals lived in households with no deprivation or deprived in only one indicator. Then, we explicitly addressed the inter-indicator covariance structure of the thirteen items using factorial analyses. Deprivation tended to come in pairs, as water and sewage, or child labor and school attendance, or in triples, as assets, functional illiterate and non-working adult. After this, we compared this index with poverty measured by income standards for states in Brazil. Evidences confirmed the regional inequality in both types of measurement. However, comparisons showed that correlations between them, although positive and significant, were not strongly. Finally, we discussed the dynamics of deprivation using data for synthetic cohorts and OLS and logistic models. We verified the association between attributes, such as sex, race, cohort and educational level and the propensity of a household to fall and continue in poverty or deprivation.

This study utilizes Data Envelopment Analysis to assess the sustainable human development of 115 high and middle income countries which are divided into three groups based on their income, including 44 high income countries, 40 upper middle income countries and 31 lower middle income countries. Human development is measured by four indictors, including gross national income per capita, life expectancy, mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling. In addition, the resources are measured by three indicators, including carbon dioxide emission per capita, electric power consumption per capita and energy use per capita. The findings reveal that Croatia, Hong Kong, Hungary, Israel, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Sweden and Switzerland can utilize the minimum resources to achieve their current human development level, giving them the highest opportunity to achieve the sustainable human development among high income countries. Among upper middle income countries, Angola, Colombia, Gabon, Panama and Peru have the highest opportunity to achieve the sustainable human development thanks to their 100 percent efficiency in utilizing their resources. Finally Albania, Cameroon, Congo, Ghana, Nigeria, Philippines, Senegal and Sri Lanka are more likely to achieve the sustainable human development than any other lower middle income countries

Being entrepreneur is one of the phases in men and women life time. In my paper I try to describe the basic demographic characteristics of entrepreneurs (self-employed). Who is the winner and who fails and how it influences his lifetime. Data come from retrospective survey of micro enterprises in one region of Poland. Some of entrepreneurs give up their businesses naturally without any reason or financial difficulties. This article discusses the application of models for relative survival rates in the evaluation of entrepreneurs’ failure forecast models in Poland. The relative survival rate is a ratio of the overall survival rate and the expected rate for individuals belonging to a homogeneous reference population. Entrepreneurs’ life from the moment of diagnosis (loss) to their „death” (liquidation) or the moment of censoring was observed. The remaining subjects from the analysed sample served as a reference population. Applying the models for relative survival rate served as a tool to assess the entrepreneurs’ failure risk analysis. According to descriptive analysis there are more men than women starting their entrepreneurs careers and they are more successful. Highly educated entrepreneurs and those for whom it was the only source of money have higher chances of survival. All analysis will be compared to EU countries.

Iran, like other developing countries, has been deeply concerned with the process of demographic transition since 1950s. During 1955-1975 the high fertility rate {6.5 children per women} led to relative increase of population under 15 years to above 40 %. Iran, experienced signs of reduction of fertility over 1980-2010. With appearance of fertility control in this decade, the share of population under 15 years has reduced gradually, and the share of the potentially active population aged 15-64 years which had vacillated around 52% between 1956-1986, had risen to 56.1% in 1996 and to over 71% by 2011. The aim of this paper is to measure and provide a basis for a better understanding of the effect of population age structure changing on the labor supply in Iran, during the 1966-2011 and its forecasting for 2026.This study has measured the changes in population age structure by applying the indirect method {standardizing age specific activity rates}.Data are taken from the Statistical Center of Iran and ILO estimation's for 1966-2011. Estimations in the five years ago which are comparable in terms of demographic experiences of diverse countries over the past half century. This comparative study showed that labor participation rates for male and female in the final projection year 2026 will show remarkable changes.

Development is a multidimensional concept which believes in growth not only in terms of money but growth which brings welfare in a society and enhances the choices of the population. Enhancing the choices, would mean introducing better infrastructure plus improving the quality and quantity of existing infrastructure to satisfy the needs of the people and thus, improves their quality of life. With about 300 million living in urban centers and contributing 60 percent of Gross Domestic Product monitoring of urban infrastructure becomes crucial. Infrastructure is a critical factor contributing towards industrial as well as tertiary sector and overall economic and social development. Infrastructure development though mainly comes under the purview of government but recently, private sector has ushered in this field. It is usually assumed that, with development there will be a change in the pattern of service provision. We have to discover that, how these changes have transpired over time and space. Therefore, it is essential to study these concepts across time and space and thus we have studied these concepts in state of Odisha and Maharashtra in India in year 1981 and 2001. This analysis conveys interesting results indicating a strong relationship between development and provision of services.

This paper uses a modeling approach to answer the question: "to what extent can strategies that focus on women and girls benefit health and development outcomes, including child survival, maternal mortality, family planning, and general economic development?"
An empirically-based model was developed that links women-centered program strategies to health and development outcomes. To develop the model statistical relationships were established between key indicators using international cross-section data. Inputs include indicators on women’s education, family planning effort, women’s empowerment and proximate fertility determinants. The human development Index (HDI) was used as a quality of life and development organizing framework for outcomes since it includes education, life expectancy and income per capita. Additional outputs include standard demographic variables as well as child survival and maternal health indicators.
Results from Mali show that women-centered strategies have a positive impact on development and health outcomes. Similarly, family planning strategies have positive effects. When both strategies are implemented simultaneously synergies are realized and the gains

This research was conducted with the aim of Government policy related to the identification of residents of working age, and factor endowments as well as opened of job opportunities. This information is gathered from the policy defining the Executive and Legislative branches in the regional environment by using a qualitative approach in the province of North Sumatra, South Sulawesi, South Kalimantan, which represent the highest population of working age, respectively, on the island of Sumatera, Sulawesi, and Kalimantan. Apparently the local authorities are not ready with policies to respond the changes in the population of working age. However, in general the budget planning document (RPJMD and RPJPD) already appears to have a policy toward improved quality, and reduced unemployment. It seems that the local government has a high commitment to the family planning Program (KB) of the company. Legislature only focus on supervisory role when there are complaints of labor. It appears that local governments need to affirm a policy that leads to: 1). Controlling the population by promoting family planning and Population Programs; 2.) the handling of working age Population consisting of: the preparation of the quality of the workforce and the availability of jobs.