Poster session on International migration (1)

Korea has accepted labor migrant on the immigration policy principles of temporary circulation, on which immigrant workers can stay only for three to five years and then have to leave to their home country. However, the number of irregular residents who stay over their allowed length of stay has been increased in recent years. The main purposes of this study are to examine irregularization patterns, and return migration pattern of existing irregular migrants in Korea. In the study, the irregularization is defined as a case of an immigrant overstaying in Korea, not returning to his/her origin. For the purposes this study employs individual departure and irregular migrant data from Ministry of Justice in Korea using multilevel analysis in order to examine the effects at country level. The previous findings of return migration studies provides useful analysis frame for this study. This study has implication to extend the concept of return migration to board control issues.

In this research I analyze the effects the 2008 economic crisis had on the economic integration of highly educated immigrants in the United States. The situation described in this paper is that of the best situated immigrant group (highly skilled) in a poor context of reception (deep economic crisis). While it is predictable that low educated immigrants would do poorly during an economic crisis, it is not obvious what will happen to those well educated. Will they also be more affected than the native born? The results of this research show that racial/ethnic characteristics and type of education are important explanatory factors for how highly skilled foreign born evolved through crisis. Further analyses reveal that the economic depression affected significantly the unemployment rates, but not the wages of foreign born skilled workers relatively to the general native born and within the same racial group.

This paper seeks to explain the exigencies of a crystallizing ‘culture of exile’ among Nigerian youths. It examines the lures and motivation of training as a nurse among these youth as a direct result of the fortunes of nurses’ migration abroad and the trends these have produced over time in the local society. It shows how a society’s significant population, especially the young females, with their families’ encouragement and peer influence, take to the nursing profession with the aim of migration to the developed economies for better opportunities. It further reveals how the everyday living of each hopeful migrant was a ‘life in transit’, in pursuance of the ultimate fantasy of future travel. The paper also notes three important implications of this development: an emerging change in traditional worldviews on gender roles,reinforcement of horizontal inequalities and the further impoverishment of the society’s medical systems due to the continuous brain drain.

This article examines the identity formation of the Haitians in a middle class black neighborhood in New York. Segmented assimilation theory predicts that the Haitian second generation will integrate into the black American underclass or maintain strong ethnic group identities. The black middle class, however, is an unexplored pathway of cultural assimilation for black immigrants in general and Haitians in particular. This paper uses the literature on the racial and class experiences of the black American middle class as a departure point for understanding the boundary work of middle class Haitian youth. Based on qualitative interviews with 43 participants, we uncover the mechanisms of identity formation for this invisible population. Racial, ethnic and class boundaries compel them Haitian youth to create strategies of either empowerment or distancing in order to negotiate between their middle class status and ethnoracial exclusion. Haitian middle class youth performed different identities in their racially-segregated neighborhood, ethnically-homogenous religious setting and mixed-race schools. This study’s findings contributes to our theoretical understanding of the identity work of middle class immigrants.

According to the extant research, labor migration of a parent often has beneficial consequences for children's schooling in the sending context, but there has been less attention to variations in migration experiences across the parent’s own life course and how this timing may alter outcomes for children of migrants. We apply a life course approach to the study of fathers' international migration experiences. The setting for our study is the Chitwan Valley of Nepal, a growing rural area with rapid social change characterized by large in- and out-migration. Using rich life history calendar data of parental migration and children’s schooling, we examine how multiple conceptualizations of parental migration affect children's school leaving before 10 years (an important education credential point in Nepal). We find that pre-marital migration experience appears to have minimal impact on children's schooling, whereas post-marital experience significantly decreases children's school exit, compared to children of fathers who never migrated outside Nepal. Our next step was to consider whether migration and children's schooling decisions are affected by local environmental conditions in origin communities. We find some evidence that measures of environmental perceptions moderate relationships between migration and children's schooling.

The purpose of this study is to find out reasons and outcomes of migration of highly skilled personnel from developing to developed countries with a focus on Pakistan. The study will try to look at possible reasons of migration of highly qualified persons from Pakistan (that is investing huge amount of money on human capital formation), economic and socio-economic impacts of migration of highly qualified persons on origin country and Possible economic and socio-economic impacts of migration of highly qualified persons on receiving country Data is collected from old and new PhDs from all over the Pakistan using survey questionnaire. The sample size constitutes around 500 PhDs from all over the Pakistan. Stratified sampling technique is employed to collect data. The study employs advanced econometric techniques based on micro data to estimate the effect of numerous factors that can influence in migration and possible migration of these highly skilled personnel.

In 2000, a severe shortage of nurses in Ireland resulted in the Irish State embarking on an unprecedented recruitment of nurses from around the world. The Philippines, having had a good reputation for producing top-notch nurses, was among the countries targeted for recruitment drives. Between 2000 and 2001, Ireland recruited over 3,500 Filipino nurses, the largest among non-EEA nationals, but this figure subsequently declined as a result of dynamic immigration and recruitment policies, international competition for nurses, and the global recession that befell Ireland. By 2004, Indian nationals had overtaken Filipinos among new nurse registrants in the Nursing Division Register, and have since become the majority of non-EEA nursing professionals in Ireland. This study examines the causes and consequences of the rise and decline of nurse recruitment in Ireland at the height of the Celtic Tiger era until the outset of the global recession using statistics from government agencies in the Philippines and Ireland, statistics from IELTS, review of immigration and recruitment policies, and in-depth interviews of nurses, recruiters, and other key informants.

India ranks first in the volume of remittances and it has grown from US $13 billion in 2000 to US $58 billion in 2011. The remittances sent back home by the emigrants helps in reducing poverty.This paper analyzes the effects of foreign employment on poverty in India. The explanatory variables used in the model are, foreign employment as percentage of total labour force, labour availability in agriculture as percent to the total labour force, public expenditure in agriculture per unit of agriculture labour, investment in agriculture per unit of agriculture labour, dependency ratio and adult literacy rate. The results of the analysis show that remittances sent by the international migrants helped in reducing poverty in India, as this variable is highly significant with negative sign. The results show, with increase in remittances per unit of agricultural labour by one rupee will reduce the poverty head count by 0.002 percent. The increase in total investment per unit of labour force also has a positive impact on reducing the poverty head count ratio. However, agricultural credit and public expenditure on agriculture has demonstrated no significant impact on poverty head count.

Regional compositional changes due to migration can modify the distribution of health outcomes, death rates, life style factors and socioeconomic characteristics. The majority of studies on internal or short distances migrations focused on the effect of migration on geographical health and mortality variation. By contrast there is still little empirical evidence on the effect of internal migrations on the patterns of socioeconomic inequality in mortality.
The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the internal post war migration in Italy affected the pattern of mortality inequality by socioeconomic status, from age 50 on, in one of the main areas of destination, the north-western industrial city of Turin, where many individuals sought jobs in the car factories.
We hypothesize that the interplay of the healthy migrant effect and faster health selection due to exposure to higher mortality risk might have homogenized the men population, thus reducing differences in susceptibility to death. We also hypothesize that the process had an impact also reducing the differences in mortality risk by education level and that these processes must have affected more strongly men than women because because they were more passive actors in the migratory decisions and less heavily involved in the industrialization process.

International mobility of students has increased tremendously over the last decade. At the same time the share of “frequent movers” has expanded. Under the conditions of a stiff global competition for highly qualified labour force, strategies of attracting and keeping the elite of these students are high on the political agenda of most countries. This raises questions about the benefits of this mobility. Looking closer at the national sub-groups shows, that the answers to these questions are nation-specific. The contribution approaches them by comparing Indian and Chinese international students in Germany, one of the countries which undertake strong efforts to retain specific human capital within its borders. The investigation presented is based on a literature review and pilot surveys among students. Preliminary results suggest that while India supplies comparatively few students, their transferred human capital is at a high level, as they cluster in master, post-graduate, PhD and post-doc programs. Chinese students are larger in number, and are mostly found at lower studies levels. Third countries, first of all the U.S. reap a comparatively high share of the investment done in the countries of origin as well as in the countries of follow-up studies.