Poster session on International migration (1)

German physician’s immigration to Switzerland increased since the ratification of the Agreement on the free movement of persons (FMP) between Switzerland and the EU in 2002.
Since little is known about this migration, our paper raises the question “What are the causes and consequences of the recent immigration of German physicians to Switzerland?” First, we evaluate the main causes of their migration. Second, we analyze the phenomenon’s extent. Particularly, the impact on the age and gender structure of the physician’s population is evaluated. Finally, the consequences, in terms of dependency of the health system on German and foreign physicians as well as integration issues, are shown.
Results show that on the macro-level the Swiss demand for foreign physicians and the absence of geographical, linguistic and legal barriers trigger the German physician’s immigration to Switzerland. On the micro-level, several push and pull factors are divisive.
Between 2002 and 2009, German physicians contributed to the Swiss practicing physician’s population not only in terms of numbers but also in terms of lower mean age and higher proportions of full-time workers.
These contributions are crucial to the good functioning of the Swiss health system by reason of insufficient “internal” medical training and demographic aspects.

With a significant proportion of Canada's population being foreign-born, it is important to study how immigrants are performing in the labour market compared to their Canadian-born counterparts. Current research finds that recently arrived immigrants are facing greater challenges when economically integrating in the labour market than ever before. Using the 2006 Census of Canada Public Use Microdata Files, this research highlights the salient differences in earning disparities between immigrants and the Canadian-born on national, provincial and census metropolitan area (CMA) levels by immigrant cohorts and Canadian-born generations. This study seeks to provide insight to policy-makers about the current economic situation of immigrants in different labour markets across Canada.

Extending current research, paper shows that recent immigrants have a larger earnings differential than established immigrants in comparison to the Canadian-born. More specifically, these earnings differentials are largest when compared to second generation Canadians. The examination of earning disparities at the three geographic scales of nation, province, and CMA has also shown that the greater attention to geographic scale is pertinent to the discussion of how well immigrants are faring economically across different labour markets.

The present paper examines the trends in net international migration rates (NIMRs) in 22 members of the League of Arab states, during 1980-2025. The study uses medium variant population estimates and projections from the recent revision of the World Population Prospects 2010 – released by the UN on May 3, 2011. For the purpose of the analysis, 22 Arab countries have been classified in four groups, namely, Mashreq, Maghreb, Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and Least Developed Countries, on the basis of their geographical proximity and socioeconomic characteristics. The magnitude of NIMR (per 1000 of country’s population) and its direction for each Arab state have been presented. Negative sign of NIMRs shows out-migrating country and vice versa. The magnitude and sign of NIMRs have been assumed to give proxy measure of the level of country’s economic development/ underdevelopment since more unskilled and semiskilled labourers out-migrate from economically underdeveloped countries due to less employment opportunities and/or lower wages. The magnitude and direction of NIMRs have been explained in the backdrop of political situation of the country. The study also discusses the effects of high emigrations from working age-groups and soaring in-migrations of 65+ populations on young and old dependency burdens and population ageing.

This study will search for the answer to the question, "'Why' do South Korean teens have the double standard for foreigners?" And it will also explore the direction and the composition of contents essential to multicultural education of Korean teens, by extracting influential factors on their double standard and by explaining those factors by ages.
The study will research the following three sub-topics.
Firstly, the study will extract psychological, socio-economic, and demographic factors predicted to affect Korean teens' double standard for foreigners, and will discuss how these factors are related to the double standard.
Secondly, the study will conduct an empirical survey to extract influential factors on Korean teens' double standard for foreigners.
Thirdly, the study will explore the direction of multicultural education and the composition of its contents, based on the findings from the empirical survey.

This paper analyses correlations between highly qualified migration (HQM) and geographic proximity. The main destines for HQM are the US and some OECD countries, which are also the places that mostly invest in education, research and development and show high purchasing power parity. Some authors explain the economic prosperity in developed countries based on the contribution that migrants make to their multicultural societies. But where do these migrants come from? Do regions (neighbourhood) matter on the international market of competences?
Based on statistic analysis of main countries of destination, I assume that proximity is still is an important factor for professionals who choose to migrate, due to cultural affinities and regional labour agreements that favour free labour movement, among others. People tend to go to where there are good labour opportunities but also to places to which they are geographically and culturally akin. For instance, Europeans tend to choose other European countries when they migrate, Canadians mainly go to the US and a significant number of Americans migrate to Canada or Mexico for a life change. The paper also discusses exceptions to this tendency.

As Southern European countries have transitioned from countries of emigration to immigration, scholars have become increasingly interested in the adaptation of immigrant youth, particularly their educational achievements. However, the role of gender in defining the educational experiences and outcomes of immigrants is still almost unknown.
Our paper addresses this issue by determining whether there is a significant gender gap in educational ambitions among immigrant offspring in these two countries and if so, by examining the possible mechanisms related to familism which may drive the formation of a gender gap. We contrast Italy and Spain in order to assess whether the gender patterns in educational ambitions based on our findings are generalizable across countries of similarly recent immigration histories.

This paper first develops a dynamic model of a system of piecewise continuous differential equations to study the simultaneous interactions between three endogenous variables: Capital inflow (FDI), the real wage rate and the net migration flow into a region. Stability of the general model is compared with two special cases of either or both sticky real wages and fixed capital input. We add return migration and possible immobility (no one moves) to the dynamic equation of immigration to fully capture the determinants of net migration. Empirically, we apply this general model with Cobb-Douglas production and calibrate it for Guangdong over 1990-2010, a fast growing province with the highest volume of net migration flow in China. We claim three contributions: this paper is the first theoretical and empirical one to study these simultaneous interactions and innovates by recognising the inherent regime shifts due to migration costs and two way migration; we find that the wage elasticity plays a crucial role for stability condition; the results of calibration indicate that regions in Guangdong are heterogeneous but with positive simultaneous interactions between those three endogenous variables. Some policy implications and further research directions are also suggested.

While recent two decades have paid increased attention to return migration of Russian compatriots to Russia and to implementation of Russian governmental scheme of aiding voluntary return of compatriots living abroad to the Russian Federation. On the 1st of July 2012 more than 80000 compatriots have migrated to 36 regions of Russia from CIS, Baltic States, Israel, USA, Germany etc. with the help of governmental scheme and about 180000 are being on different stages of resettlement.
Compatriots are considered the most favourable migrants, because they know language, culture, traditions and they accommodate better than other migrants do. Now more than 25 million of Russian and Russian-speaking people live abroad. The part of this population forms the migratory potential, which Russia can receive for medium-term outlook
According to the governmental scheme the federal government provide compatriots with: citizenship, public assistance, payment for passage and baggage delivery, extraordinary grant. The local authorities must help compatriots with placing in a job.
The aim of this study is twofold. First, we want to estimate the volume, directions and potential of this migration flow. Second, with the use of statistical indexes we determine the effects of coming back on regional socio-demographic characteristics.

Child migrants face new opportunities and barriers to upward mobility across receiving contexts. This paper draws on nationally representative household data in Mexico (ENADID: 2009) and in the United States (ACS: 2006-2010) to examine the growing populations of US born children living in Mexico and Mexican born children living in the United States. The focus is on differential school enrollment patterns by children’s nativity in each country with attention to comparing those from migrant sending and non-migrant households. The results reveal that, adjusting for household resources and household-level migration experience, US born children lag behind in school enrollment at younger ages in Mexico. The analyses provide some preliminary evidence that US born children encounter some structural barriers to school enrollment that are not shared by their Mexican born counterparts. However, the enrollment disadvantage is ameliorated among older children. There is much less age variability in school enrollment among US born children in the United States with more rapid attrition from school on the part of their Mexican born counterparts.

There have been significant levels of migration from the Caribbean to Europe and North America since the 1880s, and although we now know that health profiles of Caribbean migrants differ depending on the country they migrated to, whereby black Caribbean people in the US have better health than their English counterparts, there is a dearth of knowledge on how migrants shape the areas where they settle, and how these, in turn, affect their health. This study analysed two cross-sectional nationally representative surveys, in the US and in England, to contrast the association between two measures of neighbourhood residential concentration (black and Caribbean) and health and experienced racism among Caribbean people. Results of multilevel logistic regressions show that in the US increased Caribbean residential concentration was associated with improved health and decreased experienced racism, but the opposite was observed in England. On the other hand, increased black residential concentration was associated with improved health and decreased experienced racism of Caribbean English but not of Caribbean Americans. Findings show how the social construction of race and ethnicity differs depending on the country migrants arrive to, and the association that these different racialised identities have on neighbourhood effects on health.