Poster Session on International migration (2)

This study analyses the risks and timing of first and second births among four groups: native Estonians, first and second generation immigrant Russians in Estonia, and the immigrants’ origin country population – Russians in Russia. Estonia provides an interesting case where immigration processes occurred earlier than in other Western European countries, and one third of the population consists of foreign-origin population. The aim of the study is to test migration effects on fertility through testing different hypotheses, including selectivity. The Generations and Gender Survey provides internationally comparable data with life history approach from two countries – Estonia and Russia. Piece-wise constant exponential models are used to analyse birth parameters of male and female respondents born between 1924 and 1983, living in urban areas. Sex, birth cohort, educational attainment, type of region of origin, age at migration, partner’s country of birth and age at first birth are included as control variables. Findings do not indicate first generation migrants’ fertility convergence towards native Estonians for both first and second birth. Second generation migrants have socialised to the host society when the first birth is concerned, but the socialisation hypothesis is not confirmed in case of second birth.

This paper examines the repercussions of international migration on children’s time allocation in households at origin. We focus on children of age 7 to 12 and distinguish three activities: market work, French school attendance, and enrollment in Medersa (Arab/Islamic traditional school). In our analysis, we account for heterogeneities in migration constraints considering differences in migration destinations and the number of migrants within households. We instrument for migration using policy and governance facets in destination countries, precisely France, Spain, and Italy. Results show that – after controlling for endogeneity – migration has a positive and significant impact on enrollment in French curriculum school. However, once we account for the destination of the migrant, this positive and significant impact is only verified in households with migrants in Europe. We also note that when the number of migrants within a household increases, children of age 7 to 12 are less likely to attend French school and they are more likely to be involved in paid work activities. We draw evidence from the 2009 Senegalese household survey on migration and remittances (Enquête Ménage sur la Migration et les Transferts de Fonds).

The purpose of the study is to determine if taking time since immigration into account would help making better projections of the emigration. The study includes all persons that immigrated to Sweden 1997 2009. For this population event history analyzes has been used in models containing the fixed variables sex, age at immigration, country of birth and reason for residence permit and the time varying variables citizenship, employment status and parenthood. The results show that the relationship between re-emigration and time in Sweden is strong among persons born in countries with a high development level and is nearly non-existent for persons born in countries with a low level of development. The results also show that the propensity to re-emigrate is much higher among work migrants than among refugees and it is more common to re-emigrate if one is male, younger, childless, unemployed and if that person does not have Swedish citizenship.

So far, the academic literature about the role of the family for return migration, reintegration and re-emigration remains scarce. This paper aims to fill this gap by taking the example of Armenian return migrants and providing an analysis of the influence of family networks on the individual’s decision-making to return, on patterns of reintegration as well as on intentions to re-emigrate. This explorative study is based on 350 structured interviews with Armenian returnees. It takes the situation before departure, the experiences abroad and the return and post-return conditions into account. In doing so, this research acknowledges the dynamic nature of migration. Besides investigating the impact of the family on emigration decisions, return motivations and reintegration circumstances, this paper examines the significance of cross-border family networks for return migrants’ plans to re-emigrate.