Return migration: trends and consequences

The Brazilian emigration started, so massive, in the 1990s. Considered as a decade of economic crisis after market opening, with high inflation and lack of prospects, many Brazilians decided to try living abroad, mainly in the USA, UK and Portugal. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the flow Brazil-Portugal. Portugal has established itself as one of the preferred destinations of Brazilians since seems to offer socio-cultural affinities, linguistic and part of the Eurozone . What else prompted this study was the emergence of the International Crisis at the end of 2008, which, as a first hypothesis, it would upset the plans of Brazilian immigrants, once extinguished jobs and reduced the productive capacity of countries, approaching the possibility of a return to Brazil. Therefore, as a first hypothesis, that there is a heavy flow of return to Brazil was a fact and should be analyzed so that public policies could be proposed. Exploratory research was conducted in Portugal, from December 2010 to July 2011. The results indicate a slowdown in inflow in Portugal and a tendency to strengthen the output stream, not explicit in official data, but clear evidence recorded by the statements.

The growth and stability of the Brazilian economy in the last two decades, combined with the recent crisis in Europe and in the United States, have increased the amount of international Brazilian return immigrants. This situation makes the question of the return of the Brazilians a demographic element which demands more attention from researchers. From this, the present article dialogues with some savants, who deal with the international migration studies, in order to substantiate the analysis of the return immigration to Brazil. Concomitantly, it describes the research instruments used by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE) in 2000 and 2010 censuses to assess the population of Brazilian immigrants who returned (returnees), with the objective to identify the vulnerabilities and potentialities of those tools. From these observations, our aim is to compare the results of the 2000 and 2010 censuses related to the international return migration in order to verify the hypothesis about the increasing number of Brazilians who have returned.

Education, training and experiences are keys to investment in human capital formation, and migration of highly skilled is also an investment involving costs and rendering returns, in terms of improving the expected future real income. Migration of people endowed with a high level of human capital could be risky for the sending countries under the nomenclature of the brain drain phenomenon; rather there are conditions under which this drain can be converted into a gain. This paper is aimed to asses the effect of different foreign human capital attained by medical doctors on their clinics revenues. A survey among private medical clinics at three districts in the capital Amman was stratified by physicians' specialties. Poisson regression model and Ordinary Least Square were used to find the relationship between physicians' different sources of human capital variables and their clinics revenues. Preliminary results indicate that returnees with foreign medical certificates and professional experiences have ultimately attracted more patients than their counterparts of local medical certificates and experiences. That is, the investment in human capital through circular migration has spillover effect into gains to private clinics

The 2007/2008 international financial crisis hit severely many countries, particularly those with more developed economies that had attracted large contingents of foreign workers. Many Brazilian workers had gone abroad in the last decades and many of them had to return to Brazil caught up by the unemployment caused by the downturn in economic activities triggered by the crisis. This crisis, in the short run, had minor effects in developing economies such as Brazil.
The text analyzes these returning migrants using data from the Brazilian 2010 Census, focusing on the differences between those that returned before and after the crisis. Demographic and socioeconomic variables, such as schooling and class of worker were used.
The data analysis supports the hypothesis that in a migration process, a scout goes first and the family follows after. With the crisis the scout had to return before the family movement could be accomplished. Alternative patterns are concomitant family migration and the independent migration of members of a family. Also, with the recent bettering of the economic situation in the Brazilian scenario, the low schooling workers are the ones that travel abroad seeking for better salaries and in a moment of crises have to return: post crisis return migrants are in general less educated than pre crisis migrants.

This paper aims to explore the return migration intentions of first and second generations of Moroccans and Egyptians, taking into account the consequences of the Arab Spring and the current economic crisis for the aspiration to return to Egypt and Morocco: does those two factors have become an important factor in the ‘stay-or-return’ dilemma? And if so, do the changing circumstances in Italy, Morocco and Egypt either encourage or hinder a return? What is the impact of migrants’ integration and transnational ties on this decision? Are there striking differences between the first and second generation and between men and women? As alternative and competing hypotheses are possible regarding the relationships between return intentions, integration and transnationalism, the study will be explorative in nature; no specific hypotheses have been formulated beforehand. This paper benefits from some of the results of a broader project called “Transmediterraneans. North African Communities in Piedmont, between continuity and change” that FIERI is carrying out with the support of the Compagnia di San Paolo foundation. Qualitative face-to-face interviews were realized with Moroccan migrants living in the cities of Turin, Rome and Ancona and with Egyptian migrants living in the cities of Turin and Rome.

This paper aims to study the post-return mobility of Senegalese and Congolese migrants who returned from Europe to their origin country. New departures are often considered as an indicator to assess the success or failure of the reintegration of returnees in their country. It is often assumed that a failure of the reintegration of return migrants leads to a new migration, while the return is permanent in the case of success. However, measuring new departures for installation abroad after return is not evident given the lack of quantitative data. Thanks to biographic data from the MAFE surveys (Migration between Africa and Europe), we are able (1) to quantify the permanence of Senegalese and Congolese return migrants who spent more than one year in Europe and who have returned to their origin country in a long-term perspective, and (2) to investigate the determinants of new departures for installation to Europe of these return migrants. It is expected that the successful reintegration depends on the willingness to return, on the economic and political context, on the migrants’ life after their return, and on their situation since their return in comparison with the one they had in Europe.

This paper aims to explore the narratives on the differential motivations for return according to gender for Bolivian returnees who migrated to Spain. Migration flows from Bolivia to Spain started to rise in 2005 and were characterized by the migration of mainly women for care and domestic work while a minority of male migrants pursued occupations in the construction and agriculture sectors. Amid economic crisis, Bolivian migrants were the national group with the largest return flows from Spain to their country of origin. Based on secondary data (Population Register Flow data), and primary qualitative data obtained through 40 interviews carried out in Cochabamba (Bolivia), this paper addresses the perceptions of returnees about their return. In order to enhance understanding of narratives about return migration, this paper analyses the perceptions of the returnees in the country of origin, the degree of success in Spain and the ability to acquire some savings. We argue that, based on these three indicators, return from Bolivia can be classified in different types, such as the return due to vulnerability; the reproductive return (the return of care); the productive return; and the return to acquire human capital.

This paper will look at the causes and the financial impact of Palestinian migration. It contains three main sections. The first section will discuss the evolution of Palestinian migration: from forced migration due to the war of Israeli- Arab of 1948 to force/voluntary migration following to declaration of the Palestinian Authority due to Oslo peace declaration between Israel and Palestinian Liberation Organization in 1993. The second section, meanwhile, will focus on the causes of decreased of remittances sent by Palestinians abroad to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip since the exodus of 1948. It was noticed that the remittances from Palestinian workers abroad decreased sharply in the 1990 because of political and economic changes in the Arab region in addition to the establishment of the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The paper finds that, although, the number of immigrants increased, due to the degradation of political and socio-economic situation since the second Intifada in 2000, the volume of remittances still below it is rates in the 1970s and 1980s. Finally, the paper will discuss the correlation between decrease of remittances and identity factors in the Palestinian case.

In North Africa particularly in Tunisia, researchers have highlighted the role of international migration on the development of the country of origin (Fourati, 2009; Khachani, 2004; Nassar, 2005; Labdellaoui, 2009; Haffad, 2006). Through this work we try to contribute to this literature. We attempt to explore data availability in particular population census 2004 in order to answer some research questions still until today not well explored. We try through the analysis developed on return migration to evaluate the participation of migrants in the development of their country of origin. In fact, our work will focus on return migrants in Tunisia, particularly those who have invested. We study their socio-economic and demographic characteristics. Many questions are raised: Who are Tunisian return migrants? What are their characteristics? Who are return migrants who have invested in Tunisia? What are the principal regions and activity sectors attracting the returnees’ investors? Using data from Census 2004 we developed descriptive and comparative analyses, taking into account the sex and the region of origin of migrants, and multivariate analyses based on logistic regression to study the probability for the return migrants to develop an investment.

Confronted with declining labour force potentials as well as accelerating skill mismatches on their labour markets a growing number of European countries has adopted new migration policies. The sustainability of these policies depends largely on the migrants’ intentions to stay in their new host countries with a long-term perspective. However, little is known about the dynamics of this newest wave of skilled labour migration. Existing research with its focus on return intentions of earlier migrant generations – characterised by a fundamentally different socio-economic structure and institutional context – is hardly applicable today. Over the last decade, Germany has been one of the most prominent examples transforming its previously restrictive migration policy towards an active recruitment of international high potentials. This paper sheds light on the experiences of current labour migrants in Germany, making innovative use of three surveys originally developed by the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees to evaluate these policy developments. In particular, it tests existing hypotheses about economic, social, cultural and institutional determinants on the newcomers’ intentions to stay in Germany. Furthermore, the paper provides additional information on adjusting and strengthening Europe’s labour migration policies.