Global migration trends and determinants

According to Carling’s “aspiration-ability” model, the distinction between aspirations and abilities allows us to differentiate between two categories of non-migrants: people aspiring to migrate but lacking the required abilities (“involuntary non-migrants”), and people not aspiring to migrate (“voluntary non-migrants”). Discourses, perceptions, and migratory and geographical imaginations might have an impact on aspirations. We ask whether the economic crisis in Europe and its consequences on the conditions of migrants might change the aspirations of non-migrants. In times of crisis, involuntary non-migrants might become voluntary ones, considering immobility as a better alternative to migrating to Europe with uncertain working and living conditions. The EUMAGINE project investigates the impact of perceptions of human rights and democracy on the migration aspirations and decisions of 18–39-year-olds in Turkey, Morocco, Senegal and the Ukraine. The survey and in-depth interviews included questions on perceptions of life in Europe, international migration aspirations and discourses. This paper will present results of the data gathered in 4 research areas in Morocco: the Togdha Valley, the Central Plateau, Tangier and the Eastern High Atlas. More specifically, it will explore changing aspirations among non-migrants in these areas.

Population in the age group 15-24 known as youth constitute an important component of total population of a country. India is a very old country with a very young population with about one third of its total population coming under the age group 15-24.The dynamics of mobility of the youth in the developing countries in general and India in particular is an area less explored and understood. Therefore, the major objectives of the present paper are to understand the inter-state spatial mobility pattern of the youth in India, to analyse the various characteristics of youth migrants along with reasons of migration and lastly to establish the possible linkage between youth migration and economic development in India. The study is entirely based on the information provided by the census on migration as well as various other secondary sources. The regional disparity in development leads to the inter-state flow of migration streams. Youths from economically backward states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar migrate to more prosperous states like Maharashtra and Delhi. For the male, employment and education are found to be the two most important reasons of youth migration in India while marriage is still the most important reason of female migration.

The economic situation in Egypt is aggravated by socio-political “deficits”, the freedom deficit, the women’s empowerment deficit and a lack of access to knowledge and education. The prospects for long-term economic growth are further threatened by the non-sustainable management of the environment and natural resources.
It is here that, The EU is representing a huge economical and political power as well as a special entity that does not drive its power from its inner characteristics only but also from its influence on the external region. The long history of this entity affects the neighbouring countries mainly developing countries among which Egypt exists.
And since the process of decision making in the EU reflects in the first place the benefits of the domestic citizen and which was covered intensely by literature and debate, it also has an external impact and influence on the neighbouring region which is a subject of controversy which needs a further intensified research specially towards the developing countries, and more precisely towards the south of the Mediterranean.
Also, The process of decision making and the resulting policies certainly will carry lots of positive and negative impacts that need to be studied, especially on sustainable development efforts in general and on migration: causes & consequences and

Human migration has from time in memoriam been considered an important element of population dynamics which has significant consequences on both areas of origin and destination. According to Oderth (2002), migration has shaped the nature of both the receiving country and that of origin more than any other phenomenon in human geography. The existence of an intricate relationship between immigration and development is also captured by Hammer et al. (2002), who claim that migration can have a decisive impact on the direction and speed of development on both the country of origin and destination. The focus of this work is on south-south migration with Cameroon being the country of destination. Many Africans are living in Cameroon for political, socio-cultural and economic reasons. Some have been born here never returning back to their country of origin. Nine localities in the south west region were selected, Questionnaires were used in the collection of data, and respondents were selected randomly. Results show that they were welcomed in most rural areas because they constituted a source of labour especially for the cocoa farmers, but with continuous poor economic situation, most are engaged in businesses and fishing activities. They are considered in the urban areas as criminals and illegal occupants of the land.

Korea has accepted labor migrant on the immigration policy principles of temporary circulation, on which immigrant workers can stay only for three to five years and then have to leave to their home country. However, the number of irregular residents who stay over their allowed length of stay has been increased in recent years. The main purposes of this study are to examine irregularization patterns, and return migration pattern of existing irregular migrants in Korea. In the study, the irregularization is defined as a case of an immigrant overstaying in Korea, not returning to his/her origin. For the purposes this study employs individual departure and irregular migrant data from Ministry of Justice in Korea using multilevel analysis in order to examine the effects at country level. The previous findings of return migration studies provides useful analysis frame for this study. This study has implication to extend the concept of return migration to board control issues.

International migration. Similarities and differences between EU-Member States

This analysis corresponds to the first chapter in a more in-depth study on the current situation of migrants in EU-Member States. Specific themes of the study will include: (a) the criteria of family reunion; (b) (the effects of) bilateral agreements between sending countries and receiving countries; (c) the procedure of naturalization; (d) the right to vote; (e) return migration; …
The aim of the first chapter is to compare, based on a series of graphs and tables, to what extent international migration flows to EU-countries are different from those to other “migration” countries. Eventually, the comparison must lead to highlighting the specific attractiveness of the EU15 Member States (and Belgium).
One particular subject of the analysis concerns the “definition” of migrants. On strict statistical grounds this may be based on “current nationality”. However, taking into account more sociological considerations “country of birth” could be more appropriate In the case of Belgium (for which there are more detailed statistics available) the way migrants are “defined” makes a huge difference ─ and may have important consequences in the (political) discussions related to the issue of “integration”.

In this research I analyze the effects the 2008 economic crisis had on the economic integration of highly educated immigrants in the United States. The situation described in this paper is that of the best situated immigrant group (highly skilled) in a poor context of reception (deep economic crisis). While it is predictable that low educated immigrants would do poorly during an economic crisis, it is not obvious what will happen to those well educated. Will they also be more affected than the native born? The results of this research show that racial/ethnic characteristics and type of education are important explanatory factors for how highly skilled foreign born evolved through crisis. Further analyses reveal that the economic depression affected significantly the unemployment rates, but not the wages of foreign born skilled workers relatively to the general native born and within the same racial group.

International migration has been a vital aspect of labor markets in the Middle East and North
Africa (MENA), particularly Egypt. Egypt is among the largest ten remittance-receiving countries in the world (Wahba 2007). The primary objective of this paper is to examine the determinants of migration intentions among youth in Egypt. Studying factors shaping development of migration intentions is important to understanding the migration decision process and predicting future migration flows. I use a recently fielded survey on adolescents and youth: the 2009 Survey of Young People in Egypt (SYPE). Based on SYPE, one in three young men in the age group 15-29 expressed willingness/intention to migrate. I found that having a migrant on one’s social network is one of the key factors in developing migration aspirations. The wealthiest youth are more likely to want to migrate to the West. Worrying about future prospects generally is a push-factor.

Migration from one place to another has brought about the inter-mingling of different people, languages and cultures. While in some case, this inter-mingling of ethnic groups have brought great prosperity; in most cases it has brought ethnic conflicts. North East region of India is considered the hotbed of ethnic conflicts in the recent times. The concept of ‘sons of the soil’ is not a new concept in the region. The frightening sentiment of the indigenous people becoming a minority in their own state has fueled anti-outsider movement in almost all the states of the region. Anti-Nepali feeling has occurred in Meghalaya and Mizoram in the 1970s, and still occurs in states like Manipur and Nagaland. Keeping this in view, the present paper studies the Nepali community and their migration to the region. Census 2001 provides migration details as well as the language considered as the mother tongue by every individual. The Nepali speaking community is one of the largest ethnic groups of the population of North-East states. The paper brings out the irregularities observed in the estimation of international migration in the region on the basis of the two definitions used in Census of India.

This paper aims to present the trends registered for skilled migration to the US for the period 1980-2010 and assess the driving forces of its evolution assessing the effects of the changes that took place in the origin countries.
First, we describe the magnitude of the flow and the intensity through the analysis of skilled migration rates. Skilled migrants are identified through the analysis of the stock of foreigners enumerated in the US in the American census data of the waves carried out between 1980 and 2000, complementing this information with the American Community Survey 2010.
Second, we assess the determinants of the skilled emigration to the US through a multivariate analysis, accounting for the economic, political and social factors that explain this outflow from the perspective of the countries of origin (push). In this last case the focus is driven to assess the changes observed in migration intensity along the last thirty years from a multivariate longitudinal approach.
Descriptive and multivariate analyses are performed to explain the changes in skilled migration outflows to the US in the period of analysis. We attempt to explore the question of the determinants of skilled migration by modeling five-year accumulated flow of skilled migrants from origin countries to the US between 1980 and 2010