Global migration trends and determinants

This paper grapples with the interplay between involuntary return and the convergence of criminal and migration law that accompanies this process. Crimmigration – the term originally coined by Stumpf (2006) to demonstrate the asymmetric incorporation of criminal law into migration law – now seem to have a life on its own. Academic papers are full of crimmigrant bodies (Aas 2011), gendered crimmigrants (Hartry 2012) – either being deported or detained: foreigners in carceral age (Bosworth and Kaufman 2011). The deportation regime (De Genova and Peutz 2010) seem to extend to more states, and the borders between security of residence and deportability have never been so porous.

This paper juxtaposes the above debates in the European context. I give voice to those whose ‘lives are shaped by law’ (Sarat 1990) utilizing the data stemming from 270 qualitative interviews with return migrants in Brazil, Morocco and Ukraine from Norway, Netherlands, Portugal and the UK. Based on this evidence, I contest the overwhelming ‘crimmigration’ label and propose a return to its original employment, as empirical facts inadvertently escape the overly simplistic categories and terms. I discuss the intersections of criminal and migration law and how they play out in immigrants’ everyday lives, affecting their voluntary and involuntary return.

The purpose of the study is to determine if taking time since immigration into account would help making better projections of the emigration. The study includes all persons that immigrated to Sweden 1997 2009. For this population event history analyzes has been used in models containing the fixed variables sex, age at immigration, country of birth and reason for residence permit and the time varying variables citizenship, employment status and parenthood. The results show that the relationship between re-emigration and time in Sweden is strong among persons born in countries with a high development level and is nearly non-existent for persons born in countries with a low level of development. The results also show that the propensity to re-emigrate is much higher among work migrants than among refugees and it is more common to re-emigrate if one is male, younger, childless, unemployed and if that person does not have Swedish citizenship.

With a significant proportion of Canada's population being foreign-born, it is important to study how immigrants are performing in the labour market compared to their Canadian-born counterparts. Current research finds that recently arrived immigrants are facing greater challenges when economically integrating in the labour market than ever before. Using the 2006 Census of Canada Public Use Microdata Files, this research highlights the salient differences in earning disparities between immigrants and the Canadian-born on national, provincial and census metropolitan area (CMA) levels by immigrant cohorts and Canadian-born generations. This study seeks to provide insight to policy-makers about the current economic situation of immigrants in different labour markets across Canada.

Extending current research, paper shows that recent immigrants have a larger earnings differential than established immigrants in comparison to the Canadian-born. More specifically, these earnings differentials are largest when compared to second generation Canadians. The examination of earning disparities at the three geographic scales of nation, province, and CMA has also shown that the greater attention to geographic scale is pertinent to the discussion of how well immigrants are faring economically across different labour markets.

The present paper examines the trends in net international migration rates (NIMRs) in 22 members of the League of Arab states, during 1980-2025. The study uses medium variant population estimates and projections from the recent revision of the World Population Prospects 2010 – released by the UN on May 3, 2011. For the purpose of the analysis, 22 Arab countries have been classified in four groups, namely, Mashreq, Maghreb, Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and Least Developed Countries, on the basis of their geographical proximity and socioeconomic characteristics. The magnitude of NIMR (per 1000 of country’s population) and its direction for each Arab state have been presented. Negative sign of NIMRs shows out-migrating country and vice versa. The magnitude and sign of NIMRs have been assumed to give proxy measure of the level of country’s economic development/ underdevelopment since more unskilled and semiskilled labourers out-migrate from economically underdeveloped countries due to less employment opportunities and/or lower wages. The magnitude and direction of NIMRs have been explained in the backdrop of political situation of the country. The study also discusses the effects of high emigrations from working age-groups and soaring in-migrations of 65+ populations on young and old dependency burdens and population ageing.

During last twenty years, increasing proportion of non-nationals to total population in Gulf nations is considered as growing dependency on foreign labor force as well as one of the root causes behind unemployment. Countries like Saudi Arabia, Oman, U.A.E., Baharain have come up with policy of reserving jobs for their own nationals known as the localization of labor. The present paper attempts to analyze the phenomenon of localization of labor in the context of international migration in Oman. Oman’s development policy includes ‘Omanisation Program’ as an attempt to reduce local unemployment and dependence on foreign labor through various strategies like enhancing socio-economic standards of national population through educational and vocational training and reservation of jobs for nationals. Current localization policies in Gulf countries play a key role in deciding future international migration trend. Due to the new labour policy, expatriates will be welcome in selective areas from selective countries.

The Asian region has witnessed a shift in the flow of people across boundaries, and the complexity in which it is occurring. The diverse profiles of migrants, the patterns of movement, and policies towards migration have been overwhelming. Thailand, like several countries in the Asian region, has been experiencing an increasing trend in the movements of people from neighboring countries despite its efforts in managing migration through policies that provide legal opportunities for labor mobility and restrict irregular migration. For the last five years, Thailand has a growing stock of Filipino migrants. This research is a pioneering work on Filipino migration in Thailand, adapting Drachmann’s stages of migration process framework in analyzing the patterns and experiences of Filipino migrants in the country by focusing on the factors that facilitated the movement, the resources that made migration possible, and the opportunities and vulnerabilities experienced in migration. This study used multiple approaches to analyze the movement of Filipinos to Thailand. Findings revealed their socio-economic conditions, the ways migrants had to go through, the magnitude of irregularity among them, and the exposure to risks. Data also showed that social networks and intermediaries have a major role in promoting and sustaining irregularity.

It has become more common to find immigrant entrepreneurs not only in immigrant gateway metropolitan areas with large populations, but also in smaller and medium-sized metropolitan areas. As these locational patterns of immigrant businesses emerge, it is more pressing to understand how immigrant entrepreneurship is related to metropolitan characteristics. It is an important issue, as Schumpeter identified long ago that entrepreneurship is deeply embedded in social and economic contexts. In this paper, we extend the study of immigrant entrepreneurship by examining its relationship to individual and city characteristics simultaneously. We focus on city characteristics in order to explain variations among metropolitan areas. Our study is based on 2006 Canadian Public Use Microdata File. We employ a mixed model, as individuals in our sample are nested in various cities. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of including metropolitan characteristics in understanding immigrant entrepreneurship. Implications of findings will be discussed.

Today, in the era of globalisation Indian diasporic population is one of the major contributing populations in the world’s workforce. International migration is an ever- growing phenomenon that has important development implication for both sending and receiving countries. For sending country, migrant’s remittances leading the increased income, poverty reduction, improved health and education outcomes, and promote economic development. This paper mainly examine the role of Indian immigrates in GCCs and their remittances in the context of development impact of place of origin countries i.e. India. It is estimated by the Govt of India, 25 million Indian diasporic populations are living across the different of world. It constituted as NRI, PIO, and OCI. Out of them approximately 6 million are working as skilled and semi-skilled/unskilled labourer in the gulf region. About 95 per cent them are belonging semi-skilled and unskilled workers. GCCs countries are the main contributing source of this remittance India rather than other. Among the world’s top 20 countries in terms of receiving remittances, India stands the first position in 2010. This paper also analysed the state wise Indian emigrants’ data as well as the trend of Indian migrants’ communities in the Gulf countries.

This paper discusses ways in which the position that women hold in the family, community and society affects migrations within and outside sub-Saharan Africa, and conversely, the influence of migration on the position of women in the family, community or society. We utilize data on the stock of African migrants at destination, data on female-headed households, and recent literature to examine experiences of migrant women and of those left behind when men migrate.
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of women migrants from the region to the wealthier countries of Europe and North America. The feminization of migrations together with the fact that most job opportunities at destinations are in unregulated, exploitative sectors of the economy have raised awareness of the discriminations against women. The migration process is perceived as a gendered phenomenon bringing to the fore the question of how migration either entrenches gendered inequalities and traditional roles, or challenges and changes them. This happens both when women migrate and men leave their spouses behind.
The paper has four parts; examination of available statistics, male selectivity and female-headed households, ‘brain drain’ -migration of professional women-, migration of unskilled women, and discussion.

In France, the second generation population represents a significant share of the polity population, and those whose parents come from Southern Europe and North Africa are now above 40 years old, which allows to analyze their fertility pattern, and especially completed fertility. This study analyzes to what extent children of immigrants, who have been socialized in France where the 2-child norm is very strong, reproduce their parents’ fertility behavior, or that of the native population. Using the Trajectories and Origins Survey (Insee, Ined, 2008), we observe that North African second generation postpone childbearing, especially men. But finally in average they have the same number of children. This average hides 3 kinds of behaviors i) Those who adopt the 2-child norm ii) Those who do not have any child, mainly because of social vulnerability and iii) Those who have 3 children, who are in between their parents’ model and the French model.