Internal migration and urbanization: Overview

This paper aims to determine whether and to what extent migration of female college students for doing higher education in metropolitan Tehran influences their premarital heterosexual relationships and sex and it is based on a mix method study on sexual norms, attitude and conduct of female college students in Tehran conducted in 2005-6. The survey was conducted on a sample of 1743 undergraduate students in four multidisciplinary universities using two stage stratified cluster sampling and a self-administered questionnaire. 12.8% of cases had migrated from other provinces to Tehran. Ever experience of premarital sex was similarly significantly greater among Tehrani Students than migrants (24.2% vs. 15.9%, p<0.05). Odds ratio of acquiring a boyfriend after migration to Tehran is 2.40(p<0.001) compared to acquiring boy friend before university entrance (migration) even after controlling of age. Interestingly, once the effects of religiosity, family control during adolescent period, and respect to parental views are controlled in a multivariate model, the odds of acquiring boyfriend after university entrance is significantly greater among migrants than among native students compared to acquiring boyfriend before university entrance.

Pattern and causes of female migration are changing in India. An increasing proportion of women are moving towards cities, particularly big cities for reasons other than marriage. The present paper tries to understand the pattern, causes and trends of female migration to mega cities of India and its linkage with development. The study is based on secondary data collected by Census. It is found that most of the migrants to cities originate from socio-economically backward states of India. Marriage is still the most important factor of female migration in India but its importance is declining over the periods. On the other hand, it is quite encouraging to find that the proportion of females migrating for work, employment and education is increasing over the period of time. The volume of female migration to all the six mega cities has also increased over the period of time. Regression results linking the migration with the development indicators of the states shows that the states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa which have lower level of development have witnessed higher volume and rate of female out-migration. Similarly states like Maharashtra and Delhi having higher level of development have received more in-migration.

The main objective of this paper is to study the spatial pattern and levels of inter-state migration and to understand how regional disparities in development influences inter-state migration pattern in India. This study is based on 1991 and 2001 census migration data. In this analysis, two rates namely in-migration and out-migration rates have been computed separately for both males and females. Statistical method of correlation and regression has been used to find the linkage between regional disparities in development and migration. It shows that people mainly moved to the states which have witnessed higher growth rates of urbanization and achieved higher economic development compared to the states where employment opportunities are less. However, there are also some states which are showing significant in-migration as well as out-migration. The decadal growth rate of migration has increased during the period 1991 to 2001. Another important finding is that the overall sex ratio of migrants has reversed favouring males during the last decade. While there is a negative relationship between rate of in-migration and poverty, the volume of in migration is positively correlated with development.

Due to its socio-demographic selectivity, migration can modify the structure of the population in both origin and destination. In the case of Latin American metropolitan areas, this “qualitative” impact was relatively stylized (although it was never measured in a rigorous way) some decades ago when every large city registered huge net in-migration and in-migration flows to the large cities predominantly came from rural areas. The current migratory scenario of Latin American metropolitan areas is different because immigration no longer comes mainly from rural areas but from other cities; moreover out-migration from large cities is growing (in many cases, emigrants outnumber in-migrants). And so, the stylized effect of the past probably does not longer exist. In order to shed some light on this issue, a new procedure based on the so-called “matrix of indicators flow” is used. The “qualitative” impact of internal migration on population composition will be estimated for around 20 cities of 1 million or more residents in six Latin American countries with micro-data from the 2000 and 2010 census rounds (Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama and Uruguay). This effect will be measured for sex ratio, percentage of children, percentage of older persons and average education.

Many real, social, technological, biological and information systems can be described as complex networks, however, few works contemplate migration from the perspective of complex networks such as that by Askar and House (2010) that study multi-scale mobility patterns in the United Kingdom and the one by maier and Vyborny (2005) that analyze internal migration in the USA. In general, migration studies are focused in people, while other studies focus on places. The former requires very detailed data while the latter are based on aggregated data. In this case we will follow this last idea, in such a way that the motivations to change place of residence will be left out. Migration flows will be taken as a given and the resulting patterns of those flows will be the object of this study. In Mexico, census data is collected every 10 years, 2010 being the most recent and not up until recently there exist tools and capacity to visualize and model internal migration at the municipal level. While in general municipalities have been characterized by their net migration, hiding patterns that link origins and destinations, this study will help characterize the migration patterns.

This paper explores social, behavioral and health outcomes of migrant women living in urban slum areas of Dhaka, an understudied and vulnerable population. Using data on 15 to 29 year old women residing in slums from the baseline study (N=2989) of a unique multi-sectoral intervention program (SAFE) designed to promote sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) among vulnerable women, we examine the influence of migration status on women's SRHR and marriage outcomes. Preliminary results from descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses suggest that women who migrated to Dhaka face adverse SRHR outcomes, including being less likely to have adequate knowledge about sexual rights and sexually transmitted diseases, and lower likelihood of utilization of maternal healthcare services, compared to women who were born in Dhaka. Analyses of marriage outcomes however do not yield significant indications that migration status is associated with adverse marriage outcomes.

Il y a un débat théorique et une discussion politique sur la situation migratoire actuelle dans les aires métropolitaines d’Amérique Latine. Les recensements de l’année 2000 ont permis d’identifier quelques métropoles de la région comme d’émigration nette, mais la plupart d’elles registrent une immigration nette. Compte tenu la disponibilité de micro-données du recensement de 2010, nous allons répondre à la question sur l’attraction migratoire de ces villes. Pourtant, on va travailler avec l’ensemble de micro-données des recensements pour construire une matrice de migration spécifique (en utilisant le lieu de résidence cinq ans avant du recensement). Ensuite, nous allons faire une estimation de l’impact des migrations internes sur la croissance de la population pour 20 villes qui ont un million ou plus de résidents dans cinq pays d’Amérique Latine, en employant les micro-données des recensements de 2000 et 2010 (Brésil, Costa Rica, Equateur, Mexique et Panama). Afin de contrôler l’effet de distorsion de la définition spatiale de l’aire métropolitaine, le calcul s’effectuera en tenant compte au moins de deux définitions géographiques. Et pour distinguer l’impact spatiale de la migration métropolitaine (immigration et émigration dans et entre elles) tous les flux migratoires vont être classés en deux groupes : proche et éloigné

Since the beginning of the global crisis in 2008, over 200,000 Spaniards have left the country looking for better opportunities abroad. The Spanish government has for the first time admitted to a talent drain without precedent. However, except for the international variation, the phenomenon is not different from the trend experienced in many regions where the lack of qualified jobs has traditionally forced residents to emigrate, mainly within internal boundaries. The current research focuses on the Spanish city of Melilla (located in Northern Africa), where a scarce college offer forces six out of ten high-school graduates to move to the mainland to continue studying. The data do not go unnoticed by the local authorities, concerned to see how this temporary diaspora is becoming permanent. With information collected from quantitative and qualitative sources, we explore local economic and social factors underpinning the egression of highly skilled workers in this quite often forgotten city despite its geostrategic position (the only EU territory, along with Ceuta, on African soil). We frame the issue in the debate about the adaptation of education and training to labour market needs, especially in a European context that places knowledge at the heart of economic competitiveness.

Household characteristics such as age, size, occupation, socio-economic status, etc. play vital role in deciding the movement of adult members. A study of movement process at the household level is useful for the prediction of future size of the households as well as to study the imbalances in sex-ratio occurred due to such migration. Motivated by the fact that the data related to migration is influenced by the number of the adult members present in household, under certain assumptions some probability models (inflated binomial and beta binomial distributions) have been proposed to describe the migration pattern and it has been applied to the observed distribution of adult migrants from the households among fixed number of adult members present in household. Data have been taken from a survey conducted in the most flooded area of Bihar, India in 2010. Findings reveal that proposed model explains satisfactorily the pattern of rural out migration of Adults from the household. Also we have observed that the risk of migration is increasing with increasing number of adult member in the household.

Kolkata as the primate city of the east depicts uneven urban growth and variation in population density along with rapid encroachment of vacant lands and water bodies in its eastern periphery where largest number of its slum population reside. GIS mapping of urban growth, density, percentage of households living in slums and land use change maps highlight the fact that in Kolkata, slum wards are located in the north eastern periphery and western peripheral parts where urban growth (1991-2001) is very high, but density is low. These areas are experiencing rapid changes in land use pattern and influx of migrants from the neighbouring poverty stricken districts. Encroachment of open spaces and water bodies in east Kolkata has a severe impact on resource management. It not only destroys natural resources but also snatches the livelihood opportunities for those who are earning through fishing and farming. Thus, this paper aims to correlate ‘urban growth’, ‘land use changes’ and distribution of slum locales through GIS mapping. Indicators like lack of access to various assets, formal housing and certain basic services or amenities have been used to identify the wards which can be called as the ‘Hotbeds of Urban Issues’ .