Internal migration and urbanization: Overview

This paper first develops a structural micro-founded model of aggregate net migration flow to study how migrants choose between multiple locations using multiple criteria. Migration should reduce observed inequality in the criteria. Apart from Bazzi (2012) who develops a micro-founded model of aggregate migration flows (but with a single destination and reason for migrating) to study the barriers to international migration flows, existing theoretical frameworks either cannot handle multiple criteria and locations or lack micro foundation. The model predicts that migration flows will be out of all but the top two ranked regions, most moves will be moving into the top ranked location, but low utility individuals in the best location will move to the second ranked location. The empirical work, which uses 1990-1999 Guangdong annual data and applies this structural model with generalized least squares and weighted least squares, confirms our prediction and finds a high degree of common marginal effects of the criteria among 18 locations but also finds increasing regional inequalities.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the various patterns of rural youth outmigration (permanent, temporary and planned) and assess their influence both on their parents' fertility, as well as their own transition to adulthood and family formation. The data come two quantitative samples: a targeted sample of 1098 rural origin, unskilled youth (aged 15-29) residing in Addis Ababa, and a stratified, random sample of 835 rural households in 4 districts and 8 villages in the two of the most important youth sending areas; and two qualitative sources, teenage (male and female) focus groups and adult key informant interviews. The complex decision-making process included peer influence, social networks, poor quality education, conflict over land and with their rising aspirations that the sending family can't meet. Education was the main reason for outmigration from Gojjam, and work-related reasons from Wolaitta. No evidence is found for the "replacement" fertility effect on migrant-sending households, and CPR is twice as high among migrants households as among non-migrant households in Gojjam. Transitions to adulthood were delayed through high school education, health workers, non-farm labor and urban residence which combined to delay marriage and reduce desired family size, as well as increase perceived migrant well-being

All over the world, the number of people living in cities is growing rapidly. In the Netherlands as well, more and more people live in the four major cities. After decennia of decline, there is a vigorous population growth in four largest cities. In general, work and education related migration, coinciding with rural urban migration, is seen as the principal cause of urban growth. In that interpretation, urban growth is the result of economic growth. In the Netherlands, housing and spatial policy plays a very important role too in explaining urban decline and growth. This will be illustrated by a short summary of housing and spatial policy. Recently, a number of authors argue that urban growth is also affected by trends in causes mortality and fertility. In the Netherlands, there are also indications that natural increase becomes an ever growing motor of urban growth. In fact, three different trends seem to play a role simultaneously: declining foreign migration, increasing internal migration and natural growth. A positive internal migration have not been witnessed since a very long time. Different causes come to the fore, varying from economic crisis, the crisis of the housing market, the differences in size and composition of the urban population. Finally, future implications are illustratied by the Dutch regional forecast.

It is widely accepted assumption that migrants in developing countries who are not absorbed by the modern sector may enter informal sector as a transitional phase. The purpose of this study is to assess whether this assumption is valid for Indonesian case using the Indonesia Family Life Survey 2007 data. By taking advantage of the longitudinal data of employment and migration histories of 15 years and old individuals, multinomial regression with correlated random intercept is employed to study whether migrants are more likely to work informal sector than non migrants and to what extent can working in informal sector be linked with migration motives. The results show that migrants in Indonesia are more likely to work in formal sector than non migrants. In connection with migration motives, migrants with work-related motives are less likely to work in informal sector than migrants with motives related to family-related reasons. Among migrants with work-related motives, those who move due to being unemployed and who lack of employment opportunity in origin locations have higher likelihood to work in informal sector than formal sector compared with those who moved for other job-related reasons such as job transfers and closer to job.

Migration of college students in India has been a relatively neglected area of research. Most of the migration studies have tended to focus on permanent migration. In our country, studies on migration have been confined hugely on migrant laborers, followed by returned migration, refugees and other displaced people, but comprehensive studies on migrant college students, especially in the northeast of India, have been few and far between. In this connection, an attempt has been made to study migration of college students by examining their past, present and future migration. Interstate migration of college students in North east takes place on account of plethora of reasons. Unlike mainland India, where interstate migration college students primarily take place because of lack of educational infrastructure, besides this reason, migration of college students to Shillong also occur because of spiralling violence in many adjoining states which have been ravaged by decades of insurgency and political turmoil. Moreover, proximity of Shillong to many neighboring states and its reputation as an educational hub in the region also attracts college migrants. The city also offers educational facilities at a relatively cheaper price and it is also a preferred destination for students whose ultimate goal is to migrate to bigger cities in India

This paper aims to present results from the research titled “The Living Place of the Excluded from and by the Metropolis”. The investigation analyses the population dynamics among low-income emigrants departing from Belo Horizonte – MG, Brazil, the metropolitan core, toward its neighboring cities: Ribeirão das Neves, Vespasiano, Santa Luzia, Sabará e Ibirité. Thus, we seek to understand and qualify this population dispersal process within Belo Horizonte’s Metropolitan Region. We deploy a hybrid analysis, based on historical cartography and satellite imagery, to analyze the behavior of the urban sprawl emanating from Belo Horizonte between 1918 to 2010. We conjugate this procedure with the analysis of the 2000 and 2010 Census migration data on the population below the poverty line. Results reveal a consistent out-migration trend among the poor from Belo Horizonte, fomented by their incapacity to afford the costs of living in the main city, especially those related to housing.

This study examines the employment characteristics of youth migrants in Nigeria by analyzing the World Bank data on Migration and Remittances Household Surveys in Sub-Saharan Africa (2009). The methodology adopted included both bivariate and multivariate models of migration decision making of the Nigerian youth migrants. Our findings showed that there is a general improvement in the level of education of the migrant youths compared to their counterparts two decades ago or more in the past. With respect to the low level of social and economic development of the country, young people migrate to urban destinations where most employment opportunities can be found, those who are unable to get decent and rewarding jobs lapse into the “discouraged workers”. Also youth migrants with primary and secondary level of education are more represented in self-employment. These categories of youth migrants mostly engaged in vocational jobs, petty trade and any kind of job that requires low skill (informal sector) and are majorly from the south-East geo-political zone of the country. The policy implications of these findings are many. To mention a few, we need policies that will bridge the rural-urban socio-economic divide by improving the social, physical and economic infrastructures across the national landscape.

This paper will identify the urbanization pattern in Indonesia by employing simple statistical methods to the readily available data of the 2000 and 2010 Indonesia Population Censuses, including percentage and rate of urban population growth. Urban localities (Desa Urban) are still largely concentrated on the island of Java, which may reflect the urban development disparity between Java and the outer islands, despite the fact that some outer island provinces have already experienced a high increase in the growth of urban localities and urban population. The peripheral of large cities experienced much more rapid annual population growth than the core of cities. Although urban population is still greatly concentrated in Java, there have been significant increase in the proportion of urban population in some provinces outside over the period 2000-2010. Nonetheless, small and and intermediate cities outside Java play a more important role as centers of socioeconomic activities compared to those in Java. In general, the recent pattern of Indonesia's urbanization reflects a continuity from the situation in 1990 and 2000, but at present some regions outside Java have began to undergo rapid increase in the urbanization level and urban population growth.

A popular notion asserts that closing the last primary school marks the demographic death of a community, because no young parents will stay, much less move in. This notion is frequently voiced but rarely subjected to rigorous analysis. Are school closures a cause or consequence of local decline? This study begins with a comprehensive review of existing research on the relationship between school location and local population decline. Testable hypotheses regarding the link between schooling and local population decline are derived from this review and we go on to analyse methodological problems relating to the empirical analysis of this relationship. Because school closures are partly based on enrollment forecasts, population decline may be a cause rather than a consequence, even if it occurs after the closure. An empirical case study, namely the Eastern Germany province of Saxony for the period 1994--2007, is analysed statistically, explicitly taking into account the endogeneity, based on municipality-level data from the provincial statistical office. In contrast to the prevailing discourse, there is little discernible evidence for an effect of primary school closures on local population decline. This result is discussed in light of prevailing contextual factors such as home ownership.

“Study on Assessment of Food Safety and Hygiene Practices among Street Food Vendors in Delhi, India”

Chander Pal Thakur

BPT, PGDHHM, PHFI, New Delhi, India

Introduction:A study was done to assess food safety and hygiene practices among street food vendors in Delhi,India.
Methods:Practices and hygiene status of 200 street food vendors were studied by questionnaire based findings and observations of vending site.Data was entered and analyzed with the help of statistical tools.
Findings and Discussion:It was found that majority of the respondents (33%) were in the age group of 25+ years i.e. 25 to 34 years and 24% were illiterate.Around 36% of the vendors were permanent resident of Delhi and from rest of the respondents 55% were from Uttar Pradesh only.Ninety percent (90%) of the vendors were operating full time and 40% were earning more than Rs. 10,000 and above per month.None of the respondents were registered or licensed.Seventy percent were disposing garbage in open lid bins and 16% were throwing it on the road.With regard to personal hygiene, only 3% of the vendors were using hand gloves and from rest of the respondents only 2% were washing hands before and after handling raw or cooked food.Majority of respondents (72%) had short clean nails and few (4%) had open wounds pr