Population and development

Age structure of the population is a vital aspect in analyzing its linkages with the economy. Indonesia is estimated to reach demographic bonus in 2020-2030. However, Indonesia's labor force has not been optimally absorbed in the job market. How big the economy must be driven to utilize the economic potential requiring in-depth study on the development of the workforce and its impact on economic growth that becomes the purpose of this study. Some demographic and economic variables are used in series during 1960-2012. Descriptive and inferential analysis using Cobb Douglas production function are methods of analysis used in this study. The analysis aims to portray the result both at national and provincial level. The result confirms that demographic bonus in Indonesia will occur in 2025 with its lowest dependency rate at 44.2. In Java-Bali provinces, Jakarta is currently enjoying the bonus and others are closely approaching. The increase in the number of workers has little impact on gross domestic product growth and an increase in the number of workers is not necessarily accompanied by an increase in total factor productivity nationally. Based on these findings, several thoughts are proposed for valuable Government’s insight in formulating appropriate policy.

In many countries of the world, youths suffer high rates of unemployment. Statistics published by the OECD (for the second quarter of 2012), show unemployment rates, among people aged 15 to 24 (17.1%), a little more than double of the unemployment rates for the general population (7.9%). Although youth unemployment has remained high during the last decade, their values continue to be a source of constant concern.

One of the arguments offered to explain the high youth unemployment, points out that this is affected by population dynamics, as proposed by the Easterlin´s hypothesis.

Using a panel data model, the objective of this paper is to explore the influence of changes in the age structure, on the youth unemployment rate. Our analysis comprises the 33 OECD country members, from 2000 to 2011. Preliminary results suggest the presence of a crowding out effect among male youngsters 20-24.

Rising overmedicalisation of childbearing in low income countries is seen as a worrying phenomenon as resources are scarce and could create a further risk for mother and child’s health. Some Indian States have seen sky rocketing c-section rates reaching twice as high levels than the recommended WHO 15%. It is not clear whether this increase is determined by demand or supply. The aim of this study is to understand the interaction between health systems and individual socio-economic factors in determining the probability of a c-section .
Multilevel modelling at district and cluster level is used to analysed the 2007-8 Indian DHLS..
Results show that after controlling for key risk factors, private institutions have a higher risk to perform c-sections. On the demand side higher education levels rather than wealth seems to increase the likelihood of a c-section. While cluster level is not significant, district level effects are significant in all the states demonstrating the need to control for health systems factors. This research shows that at this stage supply factors might be stronger than demand. It confirms the need to invest in further research to understand whether the quest for increased institutional deliveries in a country with a high maternal mortality might not be compromised by a push for overmedicalisation.

My abstract field inclide Populationn and Development; Gender and population.

At the present time in the post-soviet states are in the process of transformation from command to market economy. From one side this process is going in the terms of the changes in the previous system and from another side it is creation of new economic systems. The globalization of the world economy influence a lot on the above mentioned processes. After independence, former USSR republic became the full participants of the world economic activities and they are able to decide their own direction of development and priorities for the partnership with other countries.
The present work is aimed at analyzing the main important issues for sustainable population development. Starting from the question I wanted to highlight the importance of the raised in the paper issues.

In order to understand “what makes country developed” I decided to analyze the data of 6 countries with different HDI, but with preliminary same amount of population. The main idea of sustainable human development – is development human centered.
Paper analyses:
1) Importance of time for development (I started from analysis of history of the countries)
2) Social indexes and resource and role of them in population development
3) Financial systems as a factor of population development
4) Human capital for sustainable population development

In this study, we examine effects of demographic change on trends in income inequality in Taiwan. Using data pooled from the Surveys of Family Income and Expenditure, we document trends in family income from 1981 to 2000 and decompose effects of the age, education, and marital status of household head, and household size in a quantile-regression counterfactual framework. Results show that age of household head is the major demographic factors contributing to rising income inequality. The effects of these demographic factors mainly come from changes in population composition, rather than changes in the structural return to these factors. In contrast to prior studies focusing on the demand-side of labor-market effects, our study demonstrates the importance of supply-side population composition.

Population with their subjects is one of the basic issues in total of demographic theories. There are completely different theory about relationship between population and economic growth because human is one hand as a consumer and other hand as a product input.
Iran will be examined as a case study in (1960-2011). The methodology to estimate empirical results will be Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technic that is based on theoretical model in economics whereas production is function of capital and population. The model is estimated via software.
The dynamic equations and long-term results showed that the total estimated coefficients have significant effect on economic growth that is in accordance with theoretical expectations.
Error correction model results indicate that 76 percent of the imbalance in economic growth in each period adjusted to the long-term relationship.
The results showed that capital and population in the short and long run affect positively on economic growth, but the years when Iran was involved Islamic Republic Revulsion has negative effects on it. Therefore, population with correct mixed physical capital lead country to obtain more GDP that is main factor to develop.

Sarthebari of Barpeta District of Assam is a unique place for Bell-Metal Industry, which was introduced here centuries ago and continuing till date, although its infrastructure pattern, techniques of manufacturing and types of products have under gone extensive changes. There are 280 Bell-Metal units functioning at Sarthebari area which provide employment to 5000 workers directly or indirectly. Today, half of the artisans are not fully employed. The bell metal units are not utilized more than 39.7 percent of their normal production capacity due to inadequate supply of scrap bell metal. The industry tries to meet the demands and utilization of its products and in turn it provides means of livelihood to a large number of workers employed directly or indirectly in it. This household industry, where workers are mainly paid members of the family. At present this industry is facing a keen competition with the products coming in from other parts of the country and abroad. The paper aims at the current status of the industry and its sustainability.

The study purpose is to understand projected changes in the population age structure, a critical condition for realizing demographic dividend, through 2100 in sub-Saharan Africa. Specific aims are: to estimate windows for advance investment and windows for benefiting from the economically favorable age structure, to compare the patterns of age structure changes to those in other less-developed regions, and to assess sensitivity of results across different assumptions in fertility decline projection, using the World Population Prospects 2012 Revision data. Three patterns emerged: a pattern close to that in other less-developed regions, another pattern suggesting much slower demographic transition in majority countries, and a final pattern where fertility decline is too slow to have substantial impact on the age structure. Even in the second pattern, the absolute population size increase may challenge realizing demographic dividend. Finally, about a half-child differences in TFR projection assumptions indicated significant variation in age structure changes.

Working Age Population Explosion: Have Ready The Government Policy Areas?
This research was conducted with the aim of Government policy related to the identification of residents of working age, and factor endowments as well as opened of job opportunities. This information is gathered from the policy defining the Executive and Legislative branches in the regional environment by using a qualitative approach in the province of North Sumatera, South Sulawesi, South Kalimantan, which represent the highest population of working age- Apparently the local authorities are not ready with policies to respond the changes in the population of working age. However, in general the budget planning document (RPJMD and RPJPD) already appears to have a policy toward improved quality, and reduced unemployment. It seems that the local government has a high commitment to the family planning Program (KB) of the company. Legislature only focus on supervisory role when there are complaints of labor. It appears that local governments need to affirm a policy that leads to: 1). Controlling the population by promoting family planning and Population Programs; 2.) the handling of working age Population consisting of: the preparation of the quality of the workforce and the availability of jobs.